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Cited by 102Skin Protection and Agingmelanin and skin pigmentationPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review

Open access
Verma, Ankit, Zanoletti, Alessandra, Kareem, Kola Yusuff, Adelodun, Bashir, Kumar, Pankaj, Ajibade, Fidelis Odedishemi, Silva, Luis F. O., Phillips, Ankur J +3 more·2024·Environmental Chemistry Letters
DOI 10.1007/s10311-023-01649-4
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Abstract

Skin exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and pollutants causes several skin disorders, calling for protection methods such as sunscreen application. However, common sunscreen contains chemicals that have displayed toxicity when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, alternatives approaches have been recently developed, such as the use of natural phytochemicals as active ingredients in photoprotection preparations. Here, we review skin protection with focus on the physics of ultraviolet radiation and photoprotection by ultraviolet filters. We present sensors for measuring ultraviolet radiation and ultraviolet radiation in ecosystems. We discuss the phototoxicity of drugs, preservatives, personal care products, and pollutants. Photocarcinogenesis, photoallergy, photostability, and toxicity of sunscreen ingredients and their impacts on human health and skin, are also reviewed. We observed that phytochemicals are promising for photoprotection due to their ability to absorb photon energy, and thus act as antioxidants.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes literature on solar ultraviolet radiation, photoprotection, and natural phytochemical alternatives to conventional sunscreens. It concludes that phytochemicals are promising photoprotectants because they absorb photon energy and act as antioxidants, but standardization and clinical validation remain needed.

Key findings

  • Only about 5% of solar ultraviolet radiation reaches the earth’s surface in the ultraviolet spectrum, corresponding to 96.65% UV-A and 3.35% UV-B, with UV-C virtually undetectable.
  • Sun protection factors 15, 30, 45, and 50 block/absorb UV-B light at 93.3%, 96.7%, 97.8%, and 98.0%, respectively.
  • Melanin provides an estimated 1.5–2.0 sun protection factor, with some suggestions up to 4 SPF, implying absorption of around 50% to 75% of ultraviolet radiation.
  • Nordic countries showed skin cancer rates ranging from 25 to 34 per 100,000 population despite average radiation levels of 2.3–3.4 kWh/m², while Australia had the highest irradiation per day mean and the highest skin cancer rate; Asian and African countries had lower rates.

Methods

  • Design: a systematic literature review was adopted to assess and synthesize available literature on photoprotection and associated impacts on human health and the environment.
  • Data: published studies on ultraviolet physics, sensors, ecosystems, phototoxicity, photocarcinogenesis, sunscreen ingredients, skin microbiome, and natural photoprotectants; the text notes that about 52% of reviewed articles addressed ultraviolet impacts on biotic and abiotic environments, and 34 articles presented findings on human health effects.
  • Analysis: qualitative/narrative synthesis with summary tables; no meta-analysis or primary experimental data are reported.

Limitations

  • Stated: plant photoprotectants are constrained because biotic and abiotic factors such as crop management, latitude, climate, and soil affect phytochemical profiles, making it challenging to quantify or predict essential active ingredients in the right proportion after harvest.
  • Stated: clinical trials of identified photoprotectants should be replicated to eradicate uncertainties and scaled up for mass production; photosafety testing remains important for natural agents.
  • Evident from the text: although described as a systematic literature review, the paper does not report databases, search strings, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or the total number of included studies, and findings are synthesized narratively rather than quantitatively.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10311-023-01649-4

Cites

174 of 174 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

56 of 134 cited sources checked · 25 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Sanguinarine protected the cell from apoptosis via modulating the tumor suppressor protein p53 and pro-apoptotic BAX, BAK, BID and BCL-2 pathways.

    “On the other hand, it protected the cell from apoptosis via modulating the tumor suppressor protein p53 and pro-apoptotic BAX (BCL-2-associated X protein), BAK (BCL-2 antagonist killer 1), BID (BCL-2-interacting domain death agonist) and BCL-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) pathways (Reagan- Shaw et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reagan-Shaw et al. 2006 source

      The Results section reports that sanguinarine pretreatment increased Bax, Bid, and Bak and decreased Bcl-2 in a pattern favoring apoptosis—not protection from it. The Discussion likewise says sanguinarine enhanced UVB-damaged HaCaT cells’ ability to undergo apoptosis. The paper describes protection from UVB damage through elimination of damaged cells, not protection of those cells from apoptosis. (LLM, conf=0.94)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Individual responses to phototoxic chemicals are influenced by several parameters, including absorption, metabolism and light penetration into the skin.

    “Individual responses to phototoxic chemicals are influenced by several parameters, including absorption, metabolism and light penetration into the skin”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Korzeniowska et al. 2019 source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says phototoxic reactions require a large drug dose and exposure to light, supporting the general point that responses depend on more than the chemical alone. It does not identify absorption, metabolism, or light penetration into the skin as factors influencing individual responses; searches for those terms found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Benzophenone-3 has been reported to disrupt functioning of organs, endocrine systems and fetal development in humans.

    “According to Wnuk et al. (2022), benzophenone-3, an organic sunscreen formulation commonly used in cosmetic products to minimize damaging effect by ultraviolet radiation has been reported to disrupt functioning of organs, endocrine systems and fetal development in humans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wnuk et al. 2022 source
  • Premisecitation

    UV-B radiation traverses the entire epidermis and reaches the dermis compartment of human skin.

    “UV-B radiation has the ability to traverse the entire epidermis layer and reach the dermis compartment of the human skin”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Romanhole et al. 2015 source

      The Solar radiation section says UVB can penetrate the stratum corneum and epidermis, but does not say it traverses the entire epidermis or reaches the dermis. The Radiation and its interaction with skin section says UVB is mainly absorbed by epidermal cell components and identifies UVA as penetrating deeper, even to dermal fibroblasts. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites WHO Newsroom 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Direct ultraviolet-induced DNA and membrane damage to the skin microbiome may result in pathogen-associated molecular patterns that interfere with ultraviolet-induced immune suppression.

    “On the other hand, direct ultraviolet-induced DNA and membrane damage to the skin microbiome may result in pathogen-associated molecular patterns that interfere with ultraviolet-induced immune suppression (Patra et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Patra et al. 2018 source

      The Introduction’s ‘Ultraviolet-radiation (UV-R)’ section says UV affects the skin microbiome and that a skin commensal may diminish UV-induced immune suppression by converting cis-urocanic acid to its trans form. It does not say that UV directly damages microbial DNA or membranes, or that damage generates pathogen-associated molecular patterns that interfere with immune suppression. The paper provides a different proposed mechanism for the claimed interference. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 27
  • May combine two claims. 50

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Trend estimates of ultraviolet irradiance showed no significant difference during study periods.

    “The authors substantiated this by reporting that trend estimates of ultraviolet irradiance showed no significant difference during study periods”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chubarova et al. 2018 source
    • cites Zhang et al. 2019 source

      Section 4.4 (page unavailable) reports statistically significant positive surface-UV trends in some regions and significant negative trends at ground-observation sites in the Northeast and Ohio River Valley. The Conclusion and discussion (page unavailable) also says estimated trends differ by sampling method. This contradicts the unqualified claim that trend estimates showed no significant difference. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Aun et al. 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The development of carcinoma depends on UV-A and UV-B absorption by the superficial skin layers and is mainly responsible for oxidative damage to cellular DNA, proteins and lipids, via photosensitized reactions, which can lead to mutations in key cancer genes.

    “The development of carcinoma depends on the UV-A and UV-B absorption by the superficial skin layers and is mainly responsible for oxidative damage to cellular DNA, proteins and lipids, via photosensitized reactions, which can lead to mutations in key cancer genes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites D'Orazio et al. 2013 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Photocarcinogenesis is the result of a series of simultaneous and sequential biochemical reactions that eventually result in skin cancer.

    “Photocarcinogenesis is the result of a series of simultaneous and sequential biochemical reactions that eventually result in skin cancer”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Subhadarshani et al. 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physical ultraviolet filters and chemical ultraviolet filters are useful but do not offer comprehensive protection.

    “Physical ultraviolet filters, such as sunglasses and sun clothing, and chemical ultraviolet filters, such as sunscreen lotions, are both useful, but they do not offer comprehensive protection”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites D'Orazio et al. 2013 source
    • cites Ruszkiewicz et al. 2017 source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) describes chemical and physical UV filters as sunscreen ingredients used to minimize UV-related harm, and notes that melanoma prevalence has risen despite increasing sunscreen use. It does not identify sunglasses or sun clothing as physical UV filters or assess whether those items offer comprehensive protection. Instead, it names zinc oxide and titanium dioxide as physical filters. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Garnacho Saucedo et al. 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sunscreens can induce side effects such as irritation, allergy and phototoxic reactions, affect the synthesis of vitamin D, generate reactive oxygen species and act as photosensitizers.

    “Sunscreens can induce side effects such as irritation, allergy and phototoxic reactions, affect the synthesis of vitamin D, generate reactive oxygen species and act as photosensitizers (DiNardo and Downs 2018;Ngoc et al. 2019;Neale et al. 2019;Passeron et al. 2019;Narla and Lim 2020;Suh et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites DiNardo and Downs 2018 source
    • cites Ngoc et al. 2019 source

      Section 2.5 reports contact sensitivity, photoallergic dermatitis, and a possible reduction in vitamin D production from sunscreen use, while noting conflicting findings on vitamin D. Section 2.2 says sunscreen nanoparticles can produce reactive oxygen species. The review does not establish phototoxic reactions or that sunscreens act as photosensitizers; the latter term appears in a reference title. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Neale et al. 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sun protection factors 15, 30, 45 and 50 block or absorb UV-B light at 93.3%, 96.7%, 97.8% and 98.0%, respectively.

    “For example, sun protection factors 15, 30, 45 and 50 block/absorb the UV-B light 93.3%, 96.7%, 97.8% and 98.0%, respectively (Wilson et al. 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wilson et al. 2012 source

      The Introduction discusses surface UV radiation and its health impacts, but does not discuss sunscreen. Searches for SPF, sunscreen, and the four stated UV-B blocking percentages found no supporting passage in our copy. The citing sentence names Wilson et al. (2012), but our copy does not identify that work as the source of these figures. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Changes in ultraviolet radiation during the last twenty years have been generally minimal, resulting in less than 4% in a decade.

    “Bernhard et al. (2020) reported that changes in ultraviolet radiation during the last twenty years have been generally minimal, resulting in less than 4% in a decade.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bernhard et al. 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ultraviolet radiation causes significant changes in the skin and modifies immunological responses.

    “Ultraviolet radiation has been shown to cause significant changes in the skin as well as modify immunological responses (Shen et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shen et al. 2016 source

      The Results section (“Transcriptomic responses to different UVR conditions”; page unavailable) reports substantial UV-induced gene-expression changes in cultured human keratinocytes, including enrichment of inflammatory-response and leukocyte-activation pathways. This supports changes in skin cells and immune-related gene expression, but the Discussion cautions that cultured cells do not capture interactions among cell types in vivo; the paper does not directly establish a modified immunological response in skin. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Indirect photolysis in an aquatic environment generates toxins, like cyclodimers and benzoic acids, from untreated effluents, with the consequence that aquatic life is greatly hampered.

    “Indirect photolysis in an aquatic environment thereby generates toxins, like cyclodimers and benzoic acids, from the untreated effluents, with the consequence that aquatic life is greatly hampered.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chatzigianni et al. 2022 source

      The “Pathways of UV filters from sunscreens to the environment” section (page not provided) says direct or indirect photolysis can form harmful by-products, including substituted benzoic acids and cyclodimers. It also says wastewater effluents can carry residual UV agents into marine ecosystems. It does not specifically say these by-products form from untreated effluents or establish that the by-products themselves greatly hamper aquatic life. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skin microorganisms have an impact on gene expression in the skin and are responsible for training and adjusting its immunological response.

    “According to current research, skin microorganisms have an impact on gene expression in the skin and are responsible for training and adjusting its immunological response (Belkaid and Segre 2014;Meisel et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Belkaid and Segre 2014 source
    • cites Meisel et al. 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ultraviolet radiation has positive impacts on human skin, including enhancement of melanogenesis that acts as natural sunscreen in dark-skinned people and phototherapeutic treatment of inflamed cutaneous conditions.

    “Umar and Tasduq (2022) highlighted the positive impacts of ultraviolet radiation on human skin which ranges from the enhancement of melanogenesis that acts as natural sunscreen inherent in dark-skinned people, to ultraviolet radiation phototherapeutic treatment of inflamed cutaneous conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Umar and Tasduq (2022) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Abundant melanin pigmentation and thicker dermis might help shroud wrinkles, but indirect DNA lesions and oxidative stress are catalyzed by the availability of more melanin pigments.

    “Abundant melanin pigmentation and thicker dermis layer might help to shroud wrinkles, but indirect DNA lesions and oxidative stress are catalyzed by the availability of more melanin pigments”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lee 2021 source

      Section 2 says pheomelanin is phototoxic and promotes UV-induced damage, supporting a limited link between a type of melanin and skin damage. It also says eumelanin is photoprotective. The Introduction mentions wrinkles but does not say pigmentation or a thicker dermis conceals them; sections 3.1 and 3.2 do not establish that more melanin catalyzes oxidative stress or indirect DNA lesions. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer and is responsible for roughly 20% of all skin cancer cases discovered.

    “Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer.It is responsible for roughly 20% of all skin cancer cases discovered”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Prasad et al. 2014 source

      The paper’s Abstract says basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two most common non-melanoma skin cancers, with basal cell carcinoma far more frequent. The Discussion reports that squamous cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 20% of cutaneous malignancies in lighter-skinned populations, particularly Caucasians; it does not establish that percentage for all skin cancer cases without that population qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is abundant evidence that ultraviolet radiation is carcinogenic to humans, and it forms the major driver of other underlying medical conditions ranging from eye defects, sunburn, skin disorder and hair damage.

    “Generally, there is abundant evidence that ultraviolet radiation is carcinogenic to humans, and it forms the major driver of other underlying medical conditions ranging from eye defects, sunburn, skin disorder and hair damage”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Grandi & D'Ovidio 2020 source

      Section 2 (page unavailable) identifies melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers among the best-known long-term effects of solar radiation and says effects on the skin and eyes are mostly attributed to UVA and UVB. It does not substantiate the full list in the claim: searches for sunburn and hair damage found no passage attributing those effects to UV radiation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Kim & Giovannucci 2020 source
    • cites Moan et al. 2012 source

      The 'UV from sun and sunbeds' section identifies UVB's carcinogenic potential, supporting the cancer-risk portion of the claim. But 'Sun and cutaneous malignant melanoma' says the causal role of sun exposure in melanoma is disputed, and the cited passages do not establish UV as a major driver of eye defects, skin disorders, or hair damage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ultraviolet radiation alters the composition and activity of skin microbiota and modulates cellular response and immunological function.

    “Ultraviolet radiation has been shown to alter the composition and activity of the microbiota, as well as modulate cellular response and immunological function”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Patra et al. 2019 source

      The Introduction and Results (page unavailable) report that UV-B changes skin gene expression, cellular responses, and immune function, with effects that differ depending on whether a skin microbiome is present. They do not show that UV alters the composition or activity of the skin microbiota; the study compares mice with and without microbiomes rather than measuring UV-induced changes in the microbes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In an in vitro study, UV-B irradiation increased the number of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells in the gap 2-mitosis phase of the cell cycle, but pretreatment with sanguinarine dramatically shifted cells toward the synthesis phase.

    “According to an in vitro study, UV-B irradiation increased the number of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells in the gap 2-mitosis phase of the cell cycle, but pretreatment with sanguinarine dramatically shifted cells toward the synthesis phase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reagan-Shaw et al. 2006 source

      The Discussion (page not supplied) says UVB caused G2–M arrest in HaCaT cells and sanguinarine pretreatment caused significant S-phase arrest at 15 mJ/cm² UVB. At 30 mJ/cm², however, pretreatment caused G2–M arrest instead, so the claimed shift toward S phase needs a low-dose qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.91)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ultraviolet rays directly affect cutaneous propionibacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes by reducing their porphyrin production.

    “Porphyrins play a vital role in the function of hemoglobin, ultraviolet rays also directly affect cutaneous propionibacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes by reducing their porphyrin production (Wang et al. 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wang et al. 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV-A and UV-B exposure has an impact on the composition of the skin microbiota, with a decrease in the family Lactobacillaceae and Pseudomonadaceae while the phylum Cyanobacteria increased following ultraviolet radiation exposure.

    “This finding was based on the 16S rDNA sequencing and reveals a decrease in the family Lactobacillaceae and Pseudomonadaceae while the phylum Cyanobacteria increased following ultraviolet radiation exposure (Burns et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Burns et al. 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    RoxP possesses features that may be useful in lowering oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet exposure.

    “This enzyme possesses intriguing features that may be useful in lowering oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet exposure (Souak et al. 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Souak et al. 2021 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phytochemicals may operate in a variety of ways, including absorbing ultraviolet and acting as filters, stimulating the immune system, triggering gene suppression, stopping oxidative DNA damage, detoxifying carcinogens and initiating specific signaling pathways.

    “Phytochemicals may operate in a variety of ways, including being capable of absorbing the ultraviolet and act as filters, stimulating the immune system, triggering gene suppression, stopping oxidative DNA damage, detoxifying carcinogens and initiating specific signaling pathways (Vanhaelewyn et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vanhaelewyn et al. 2020 source

      The section on phenolics (page unavailable) says flavonoids absorb UV radiation, filter harmful UV-B rays, and act as antioxidants. It also describes antimicrobial effects and plant defense responses. It does not support the full list of mechanisms attributed to phytochemicals, particularly stimulation of the immune system, gene suppression, prevention of oxidative DNA damage, or detoxification of carcinogens; the DNA Damage section instead discusses separate DNA-repair mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ultraviolet protection of workwear fabrics can be improved by coating titania nanoparticles.

    “Rabiei et al. showed that ultraviolet protection of workwear fabrics can be improved by coating titania nanoparticles (Rabiei et al. 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rabiei et al. 2022 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral photoprotectants do not offer full skin protection, but they provide a boost to set photoprotection in motion in living organisms.

    “Also, oral photoprotectants do not offer full skin protection, but they provide a boost to set photoprotection in motion in living organisms (Torres-Contreras et al. 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Torres-Contreras et al. 2022 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    About 52% of the reviewed articles addressed the impacts of ultraviolet radiation on biotic and abiotic environments, with major reports on marine/aquatic life responses.

    “About 52% of the reviewed articles, as shown in the Supplementary Material, addressed the impacts of ultraviolet radiation on biotic and abiotic environments, with major reports bordering on marine/aquatic life responses to the ultraviolet effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Thirty-four of the articles reviewed for this work presented findings on the beneficial and adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation on human health.

    “Thirty-four of the articles reviewed for this work presented findings on the beneficial and adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation on human health.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, especially UV-A and UV-B, generates oxidative stress and induces skin damage.

    “However, chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, especially UV-A and UV-B, generates oxidative stress and induces skin damage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sardoiwala et al. 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inorganic ultraviolet filters have limitations in cosmetics: uneven distribution on the skin due to lumping, uncovered areas exposed to sunlight, not resistant to water, easily washed off by sweating and water contact, and giving the skin a comparatively whiter than normal shade.

    “Nevertheless, its limitation in cosmetics applications is an uneven distribution on the skin due to lumping; thus, the uncovered areas are exposed to sunlight, not resistant to water, and easily washed off by sweating and water contact giving the skin a comparatively whiter than normal shade.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saka and Chella 2021 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coal tar used to treat psoriasis contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; applied topically to the skin followed by ultraviolet radiation exposure, this treatment has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acquiring skin cancer.

    “For example, coal tar is used to treat psoriasis, which contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: It is applied topically to the skin followed by ultraviolet radiation exposure.This treatment has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acquiring skin cancer”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fu et al. 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Photochemical and cytological studies suggested that para-aminobenzoic acid interacts with DNA following ultraviolet radiation and might potentiate photocarcinogenesis.

    “Photochemical and cytological studies suggested that para-aminobenzoic acid interacts with DNA following ultraviolet radiation and might potentiate photocarcinogenesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shaw et al. 1992 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons go through photochemical processes that result in the production of reactive oxygen species and photoproducts, which can damage cell membranes and DNA, and cause cell death.

    “These polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons go through a series of photochemical processes that result in the production of reactive oxygen species and photoproducts, which can damage cell membranes and DNA, and cause cell death”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Mujtaba et al. 2018 source
    • cites Yadav and Banerjee 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Application of sunscreen before exposure to ultraviolet radiation prevents sunburn, skin damage and skin cancer.

    “The application of sunscreen before exposure to ultraviolet radiation, prevents sunburn, skin damage as well as skin cancer (Medeiros and Lim 2010;Mancebo et al. 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Medeiros and Lim 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Mancebo et al. 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can induce breathing problems, chest pain and vexing coughing, as well as cancer.

    “Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can induce breathing problems, chest pain and vexing coughing, as well as cancer”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Srivastav et al. 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After ultraviolet radiation exposure, paraphenylenediamine and 2-Amino-3-hydroxypyridine become photosensitized and form toxic photoproducts, which causes genetic damage and apoptosis in skin cells.

    “According to studies, after ultraviolet radiation exposure, these ingredients become photosensitized and form toxic photoproducts, which causes genetic damage and apoptosis in skin cells”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Goyal et al. 2015 source
    • cites Yadav and Banerjee 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Sunburn is caused mostly by UV-B, which is a substantial risk factor for skin cancer, particularly melanoma.

    “Sunburn is caused mostly by UV-B, which is a substantial risk factor for skin cancer, particularly melanoma.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    UV-A causes genetic damage to cells, photoaging and immunosuppression when it penetrates deep into the dermis of the skin.

    “UV-A causes genetic damage to cells, photoaging and immunosuppression when it penetrates deep into the dermis of the skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    UV-A and UV-B penetrate beyond the stratospheric ozone layer and deliver both beneficial and adverse effects on human health, plants, air quality, biogeochemical systems, and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

    “Generally, ultraviolet radiation in form of UV-A and UV-B penetrates beyond the stratospheric ozone layer and delivers both beneficial and adverse effects on human health, plants, air quality, biogeochemical systems, and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical and chemical measures of photoprotection are insufficient, and an alternative is necessary.

    “As a result, physical and chemical measures of photoprotection are insufficient, and an alternative is necessary.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nabumetone, used as anti-inflammatory medicine, loses its function when exposed to UV-A and UV-B, and rises inflammatory markers.

    “According to a recent study, nabumetone, which is used as anti-inflammatory medicine, loses its function when exposed to UV-A and UV-B, and rises inflammatory markers”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Qureshi et al. 2021 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Benzophenone-3 might be harmful to fetuses and children because it can be transmitted during suckling.

    “It might be harmful to fetuses and children because it can be transmitted during suckling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anti-inflammatory drugs such as ketoprofen and naproxen showed phototoxic products and induce dermatological complications like photoallergic responses.

    “Anti-inflammatory drugs such as ketoprofen, naproxen showed phototoxic products and induce dermatological complications like photoallergic responses”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al. 2007 source
    • cites Ray et al. 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inadequate sunlight exposure induces the prevalence of cardio-metabolic diseases, resulting in low vitamin D synthesis in Africans and Asians residing in temperate regions.

    “Inadequate sunlight exposure induces the prevalence of cardio-metabolic diseases, resulting in low vitamin D synthesis in Africans and Asians residing in temperate regions”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davis 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    People with darker skin complexion experience less noticeable erythema upon longer sunlight exposure, but carcinogenic threats and DNA damage can appear as malignant as those affecting people of lighter skin tones.

    “Although people with darker skin complexion experience less noticeable erythema symptoms manifest as redness of the skin or sunburn upon longer sunlight exposure, it is appropriate to say that carcinogenic threats and DNA damage can appear as malignant as those affecting people of lighter skin tones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Basal cell carcinoma is most frequent in Caucasian populations and uncommon among Asians and African black races.

    “It is most frequent in Caucasian populations and uncommon among Asians and African black races”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chu et al. 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Photosensitized sunscreen agents lose their protection efficacy, trigger phototoxic reactions and induce skin cell damage.

    “Photosensitized sunscreen agents lose their protection efficacy, trigger phototoxic reactions and induce skin cell damage”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gonçalo 2011 source
    • cites Amar et al. 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    With increasing overall lifetime exposure to sunlight/solar radiation, the risk of photocarcinogenesis in the head, neck, trunk and limbs rises.

    “With increasing overall lifetime exposure to sunlight/solar radiation, the risk of photocarcinogenesis in the head, neck, trunk and limbs rises.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Voriconazole and itraconazole are antifungal drugs that have been linked to liver damage, phototoxicity and cutaneous squamous cell cancer.

    “Voriconazole and itraconazole are antifungal drugs that have been linked to liver damage, phototoxicity and cutaneous squamous cell cancer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mujtaba et al. 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    UV-B only penetrates the epidermis and damages cells.

    “UV-B, on the other hand, only penetrates the epidermis and damages cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Nearly 80% of all occurrences of non-melanoma skin cancer are caused by basal cell carcinoma.

    “Nearly 80% of all occurrences of non-melanoma skin cancer are caused by basal cell carcinoma.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chemical filters penetrate the skin, reach the circulatory system, can have a systemic action on the body, and undergo changes and degradation.

    “Usually, these chemical filters penetrate the skin, reach the circulatory system and can have a systemic action on the body and filters undergo changes and degradation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saka and Chella 2021 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV-B activation of chrysene enhances intercellular oxidative stress and causes apoptosis by activating caspases-3 and phosphatidylserine translocation in skin cells.

    “It also observed that UV-B activation of chrysene enhances the intercellular oxidative stress and causes apoptosis by activating caspases-3 and phosphatidylserine translocation in skin cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Srivastav et al. 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The abundance of eumelanin in dark skin offers superior defense against UV-induced damage, and eumelanin is considered more effective in its photoprotective properties than pheomelanin.

    “The abundance of eumelanin in dark skin offers superior defense against UV-induced damage, with eumelanin being considered more effective in its photoprotective properties than pheomelanin (Gloster and Neal 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gloster and Neal 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisereasoning

    Photocarcinogenesis is dependent on factors such as age, gender and the thickness of the skin.

    “However, photocarcinogenesis is dependent on a few factors, for example age, gender and the thickness of the skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The most common benefit of ultraviolet radiation is vitamin D synthesis.

    “With the most common benefit known to be vitamin D synthesis”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After ultraviolet exposure, DNA damage, potent phospholipid activator formation factor and isomerization of inactive trans-to active cis-urocanic acid are the primary key events in immunosuppression.

    “After ultraviolet exposure, DNA damage, potent phospholipid activator formation factor and isomerization of inactive trans-to active cis-urocanic acid, are the primary key events in immunosuppression (Bernard et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bernard et al. 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Photosensitized methyl paraben and triclosan showed cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, arrest the cell cycle of skin cells and triggered apoptosis, and plate sensitivity test showed a reduction in antibacterial activity.

    “Photosensitized methyl paraben and triclosan showed cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, arrest the cell cycle of skin cells and triggered apoptosis as well as plate sensitivity test showed a reduction in antibacterial activity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dubey et al. 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Genistein could be used as a potent inhibitor for photocarcinogenesis.

    “It has also been suggested that genistein could be used as a potent inhibitor for photocarcinogenesis (Moore et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moore et al. 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cotton-based fabrics have excellent properties for ultraviolet protection.

    “Some other studies reveal that cotton-based fabrics have excellent properties for ultraviolet protection (Kocić et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kocić et al. 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grape seed proanthocyanidins belong to a class of phenolic compounds renowned for their potent antioxidant properties, safeguarding the body against premature aging, diseases and deterioration.

    “Grape seed proanthocyanidins belong to a class of phenolic compounds renowned for their potent antioxidant properties, safeguarding the body against premature aging, diseases and deterioration (Sharma et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sharma et al. 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anthocyanins act against UV-B induced oxidative damage in keratinocyte cells and activate Nrf2 signaling.

    “A recent study showed that anthocyanins against UV-B induced oxidative damage in keratinocyte cells and the activation of Nrf 2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) signaling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Li et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    All these findings should help researchers better understand how to treat ultraviolet-induced skin damage and other skin illnesses connected to microbiome changes or ultraviolet radiation exposure.

    “All these findings should help researchers better understand how to treat ultraviolet-induced skin damage and other skin illnesses connected to microbiome changes or ultraviolet radiation exposure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from mouse and in vitro studies of phytochemical photoprotection generalize to human skin.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Photooxidative reactions that disrupt cellular responses include modification of gene expression, activation or inactivation of regulatory pathways, immunological and inflammatory processes, and induction of apoptosis.

    “Modification of gene expression, activation or inactivation of regulatory pathways, immunological and inflammatory processes, and induction of apoptosis are all examples of photooxidative reactions that disrupt the function of cellular responses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In textile manufacturing, polysorbate improved ultraviolet exposure protection and the esthetics of polyester fabric.

    “In textile manufacturing, polysorbate improved ultraviolet exposure protection and the esthetics of polyester fabric (Sk et al. 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sk et al. 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Natural agents and secondary plant extracts offer future prospects as sustainable options for sunscreen technology.

    “Natural agents and secondary plant extracts have been elaborately discussed and presented to offer future prospects as sustainable options for sunscreen technology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Natural agents can supplement the inadequacies of conventional sunscreens in ultraviolet radiation protection.
    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from mouse and in vitro studies of phytochemical photoprotection generalize to human skin.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grape seed proanthocyanidins have antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties.

    “It has antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic (Nandakumar et al. 2008) properties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nandakumar et al. 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Piperine lowered ultraviolet radiation-mediated DNA damage, micronuclei creation and the sub-Gap 1 phase of the cell cycle, all of which helped to protect against photogenotoxicity.

    “Piperine was also observed to lower ultraviolet radiation-mediated DNA damage, micronuclei creation and the sub-Gap 1 phase of the cell cycle, all of which helped to protect against photogenotoxicity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Verma et al. 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Ultraviolet radiation has significant qualitative and quantitative effects on the skin microbiota, potentially affecting skin pathology where ultraviolet radiation is a factor.

    “All these studies show that ultraviolet radiation has significant qualitative and quantitative effects on the skin microbiota, potentially affecting skin pathology where ultraviolet radiation is a factor.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
65 of 65

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are limited comprehensive review studies that specifically investigated alternative materials and new approaches to overcome the negative effects of using photoprotection, including protective ultraviolet agents made from synthetic materials, on human health and the ecosystem.

    “To our knowledge, there are limited comprehensive review studies that specifically investigated the alternative materials as well as new approaches to overcome the negative effects of using photoprotection, including protective ultraviolet agents made from synthetic materials on human health and the ecosystem.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ultraviolet radiation is the most important risk factor for skin cancer.

    “Still, ultraviolet radiation is the most important risk factor for skin cancer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The natural skin protection mechanism is not effective after a short period of a few minutes, depending on skin type and the intensity of ultraviolet radiation.

    “The natural skin protection mechanism is not effective after a short period of a few minutes, which also depends on the skin type and the intensity of ultraviolet radiation coming into that area.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sunscreen usage as a primary prevention approach has limited success in fully preventing skin disorders.

    “As primary prevention approaches, sunscreen usage has shown limited success in fully preventing skin disorders.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Synthetic materials in sunscreen formulations are a threat to aquatic life, eco-sustainability and human health.

    “Sunscreen formulation is characterized by synthetic materials that are a threat to aquatic life, eco-sustainability and human health.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Natural agents can supplement the inadequacies of conventional sunscreens in ultraviolet radiation protection.

    “Natural agents are prepared to supplement the inadequacies of conventional sunscreens in ultraviolet radiation protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from mouse and in vitro studies of phytochemical photoprotection generalize to human skin.

    “The outcome of several experimental studies strongly suggests that these phytochemicals could be employed in therapeutic applications like cosmetics or medicine formulations to prevent ultraviolet-induced skin damage (Nguyen et al. 2022).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Variability in plant photoprotectant active ingredients is a trivial problem compared with their photoprotective prospects.

    “However, this seems to be a trivial problem as the photoprotective prospects outweigh this uncertainty.”
8 of 8

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting statements about how deeply UV-B penetrates skin

    Major

    The introduction says UV-B reaches the dermis, but the photocarcinogenesis section says it only penetrates the epidermis.

  • Sanguinarine described as both preventing and enhancing apoptosis

    Minor

    The discussion says sanguinarine protected UV-B-exposed cells from apoptosis, while the title of the cited study says it enhanced UV-B-mediated apoptosis in HaCaT cells.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. de Paula CM, Germano Marciano A, Silveira Barreto Carvalho V et al (2021) Exposome extrinsic factors in the tropics: the need for skin protection beyond solar UV radiation. Sci Total Environ 782:146921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146921 · DOI
  2. Medeiros VLS, Lim HW (2010) Sunscreens in the management of photodermatoses. Skin Therapy Lett 15:1–3
  3. Wilson BD, Moon S, Armstrong F (2012) Comprehensive review of ultraviolet radiation and the current status on sunscreens. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 5:18–23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3460660/ · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Verma, A., Zanoletti, A., Kareem, K. Y., Adelodun, B., Kumar, P., Ajibade, F. O., Silva, L. F. O., Phillips, A. J., Kartheeswaran, T., Bontempi, E., & Dwivedi, A.
Affiliations
  • Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IN)
  • National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (IT)
  • Kyungpook National University (KR)
  • University of Ilorin (NG)
  • Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya (IN)
  • Federal University of Technology (NG)
Corresponding author
  • Verma, Ankit
  • Zanoletti, Alessandra
  • Adelodun, Bashir
ORCID
Venue
Environmental Chemistry Letters
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-09-15
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
273-295
ISSN
  • 1610-3653 (ISSN-L)
  • 1610-3661
DOI
10.1007/s10311-023-01649-4
OpenAlex
W4386773922
Semantic Scholar
e5b358635f7023ad730cc050c7380e9361e95aa9
Cited by
102
References
174
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 1
FWCI
28.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Chemistry Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
  • Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
Università degli Studi di Brescia
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Keywords
skin photoprotection, solar ultraviolet radiation, phytochemicals, sunscreen ingredients, phototoxicity, photocarcinogenesis, photoallergy, photostability, antioxidants, personal care products, preservatives, pollutants

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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