Cited by 182Polyamine Metabolism and ApplicationsMicrobial Natural Products and BiosynthesisAmino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism

Biosynthesis of polyamines and polyamine-containing molecules

Michael, Anthony J.·2016·Biochemical Journal

Abstract

Polyamines are evolutionarily ancient polycations derived from amino acids and are pervasive in all domains of life. They are essential for cell growth and proliferation in eukaryotes and are essential, important or dispensable for growth in bacteria. Polyamines present a useful scaffold to attach other moieties to, and are often incorporated into specialized metabolism. Life has evolved multiple pathways to synthesize polyamines, and structural variants of polyamines have evolved in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Among the complex biosynthetic diversity, patterns of evolutionary reiteration can be distinguished, revealing evolutionary recycling of particular protein folds and enzyme chassis. The same enzyme activities have evolved from multiple protein folds, suggesting an inevitability of evolution of polyamine biosynthesis. This review discusses the different biosynthetic strategies used in life to produce diamines, triamines, tetra-amines and branched and long-chain polyamines. It also discusses the enzymes that incorporate polyamines into specialized metabolites and attempts to place polyamine biosynthesis in an evolutionary context.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1042/bcj20160185

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193 of 193 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are arginine derivatives produced and secreted by intestinal bacteria.

    “The highly reactive polyamines putrescine (a diamine, N2), spermidine (N3) and spermine (N4) all are arginine derivatives produced and secreted by intestinal bacteria (Michael, 2016).”
  • Bacterial polyamines include spermidine, homospermidine, norspermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, and 1,3-diaminopropane with putrescine and spermidine.

    “Bacterial polyamines include spermidine, homospermidine, norspermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, and 1,3-diaminopropane with putrescine and spermidine.125”

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Authors
Michael, A. J.
Affiliations
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Michael, Anthony J.
Venue
Biochemical Journal
Published
2016-07-28
Volume
473
Issue
15
Pages
2315-2329
ISSN
  • 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
  • 1470-8728
OpenAlex
W2502106085
Cited by
180
References
193
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
FWCI
1.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Keywords
polyamine biosynthesis, polyamines, specialized metabolism, protein fold evolution, polyamine analogues, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
MeSH terms
Animals, Archaea, Bacteria, Biological Evolution, Humans, Polyamines

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