Biosynthesis of polyamines and polyamine-containing molecules
Abstract
Polyamines are evolutionarily ancient polycations derived from amino acids and are pervasive in all domains of life. They are essential for cell growth and proliferation in eukaryotes and are essential, important or dispensable for growth in bacteria. Polyamines present a useful scaffold to attach other moieties to, and are often incorporated into specialized metabolism. Life has evolved multiple pathways to synthesize polyamines, and structural variants of polyamines have evolved in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Among the complex biosynthetic diversity, patterns of evolutionary reiteration can be distinguished, revealing evolutionary recycling of particular protein folds and enzyme chassis. The same enzyme activities have evolved from multiple protein folds, suggesting an inevitability of evolution of polyamine biosynthesis. This review discusses the different biosynthetic strategies used in life to produce diamines, triamines, tetra-amines and branched and long-chain polyamines. It also discusses the enzymes that incorporate polyamines into specialized metabolites and attempts to place polyamine biosynthesis in an evolutionary context.
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Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are arginine derivatives produced and secreted by intestinal bacteria.
“The highly reactive polyamines putrescine (a diamine, N2), spermidine (N3) and spermine (N4) all are arginine derivatives produced and secreted by intestinal bacteria (Michael, 2016).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Michael, 2016
Bacterial polyamines include spermidine, homospermidine, norspermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, and 1,3-diaminopropane with putrescine and spermidine.
“Bacterial polyamines include spermidine, homospermidine, norspermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, and 1,3-diaminopropane with putrescine and spermidine.125”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [125]
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- Authors
- Michael, A. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Michael, Anthony J.
- ORCID
- Michael, Anthony J.
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2016-07-28
- Volume
- 473
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2315-2329
- ISSN
- 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8728
- OpenAlex
- W2502106085
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 193
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Keywords
- polyamine biosynthesis, polyamines, specialized metabolism, protein fold evolution, polyamine analogues, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Archaea, Bacteria, Biological Evolution, Humans, Polyamines
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