Cited by 1,456Fatty Acid Research and HealthInflammatory mediators and NSAID effectsEdible Oils Quality and Analysis

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Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man

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Calder, Philip C.·2017·Biochemical Society Transactions

DOI 10.1042/bst20160474

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Abstract

Inappropriate, excessive or uncontrolled inflammation contributes to a range of human diseases. Inflammation involves a multitude of cell types, chemical mediators and interactions. The present article will describe nutritional and metabolic aspects of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and explain the roles of bioactive members of those fatty acid families in inflammatory processes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 fatty acids found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. These fatty acids are capable of partly inhibiting many aspects of inflammation including leucocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression and leucocyte–endothelial adhesive interactions, production of eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes from the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, EPA gives rise to eicosanoids that often have lower biological potency than those produced from arachidonic acid, and EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving mediators called resolvins, protectins and maresins. Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of EPA and DHA include altered cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, disruption of lipid rafts, inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor κB so reducing expression of inflammatory genes and activation of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Animal experiments demonstrate benefit from EPA and DHA in a range of models of inflammatory conditions. Human trials demonstrate benefit of oral n-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis and in stabilizing advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Intravenous n-3 fatty acids may have benefits in critically ill patients through reduced inflammation. The anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving actions of EPA, DHA and their derivatives are of clinical relevance.

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Authors: Calder, P. C.
Affiliations: Southampton General Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Calder, Philip C.
ORCID: Calder, Philip C.
Venue: Biochemical Society Transactions
Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
Published: 2017-09-12
Volume: 45
Issue: 5
Pages: 1105-1115
ISSN: 0300-5127 (ISSN-L)
1470-8752
DOI: 10.1042/bst20160474
OpenAlex: W2754394790
Cited by: 1,456
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 250 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 179 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 141 · 2021: 170 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 3
FWCI: 8.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: Biochemical Society Transactions (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
Keywords: omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, inflammation, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, fish oil, resolvins, protectins, maresins, eicosanoids, arachidonic acid, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappaB, PPARγ, lipid rafts, cell membrane phospholipids, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, critically ill patients, anti-inflammatory mechanism
MeSH terms: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Clinical Trials as Topic, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Humans, Inflammation, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Cytokines, Fatty Acids, Omega-6

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Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man

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