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The measurement of drug craving
Open accessAbstract
This paper reviews theoretical and methodological issues in the measurement of drug craving, with an emphasis on self‐report assessment. Despite the important role that craving plays in many research and clinical settings, the way in which the construct is conceptualized and measured rarely receives sufficient attention. Issues pertinent to conceptualizing craving are identified. Because there is no single perfect measure of craving, it is essential that researchers understand the limitations of each measure. Measurement performance concerns that affect the validity of different measures are reviewed. Non‐verbal assessment methods are also reviewed. Research factors that may help determine the optimal measures for a given study are highlighted. It is concluded that advances in assessment will proceed only when combined with additional research and a better theoretical understanding of craving.
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“Although multi-item scales may offer improved reliability and sensitivity compared with single-item scales (12, 62), they can be cumbersome, time-consuming, and lead to respondent disengagement, demotivation, and increased reactivity (62, 63).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Although multi-item scales may offer improved reliability and sensitivity compared with single-item scales (12, 62), they can be cumbersome, time-consuming, and lead to respondent disengagement, demotivation, and increased reactivity (62, 63).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“However, observational methods can be challenging to implement in clinical practice and may reflect more than just craving alone (61, 62).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Alternatively, multi-item scales can be used to assess craving (62), for example, the Opioid Craving Scale includes three questions each rated on a 0–10 VAS.”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Note, however, that, also in domains such as drug addiction and hunger, researchers have struggled to establish a gold-standard behavioral metric of subjective craving with better external validity than self-report45.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sayette, M. A., Shiffman, S., Tiffany, S. T., Niaura, R. S., Martin, C. S., & Schadel, W. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-08
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 8s2
- Pages
- 189-210
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- PMC
- PMC2683662
- OpenAlex
- W1991983775
- Cited by
- 684
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 9.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29aa009918-05)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA09918)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA10605, R01DA010605)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA159463)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- drug craving, craving measurement, self-report measures, construct validity, nonverbal assessment, measurement instruments
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Research Design, Self Disclosure, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Behavior, Addictive
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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