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Risk markers associated with challenging behaviours in people with intellectual disabilities: a meta-analytic study
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A meta-analysis of prevalence and cohort studies conducted over the last 30 years was carried out to identify risk markers for challenging behaviour shown by individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs). A total of 86 potential studies was identified from the review, with 22 (25.6%) containing sufficient data to enable a statistical analysis to be conducted. Results indicated that males were significantly more likely to show aggression than females, and that individuals with a severe/profound degree of ID were significantly more likely to show self-injury and stereotypy than individuals with a mild/moderate degree of ID. Individuals with a diagnosis of autism were significantly more likely to show self-injury, aggression and disruption to the environment whilst individuals with deficits in receptive and expressive communication were significantly more likely to show self-injury. In most cases, tests for heterogeneity were statistically significant, as expected. The meta-analysis highlighted the paucity of methodologically robust studies of risk markers for challenging behaviours and the lack of data on incidence, prevalence and chronicity of challenging behaviour in this population.
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“Communication impairments constitute an important individual risk factor (22, 23) alongside insufficient adaptive problem-solving, and self-help abilities (24), sensory hypersensitivities (4), self-stimulation (3), physical discomfort or pain (25), symptom severity (26), comorbid psychiatric disorders (27), or intense need for care (14).”
From ProVIA-Kids - outcomes of an uncontrolled study on smartphone-based behaviour analysis for challenging behaviour in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities or autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Indeed, the fact that autistic symptom severity predicts the severity and frequency of the ‘stereotyped’ forms of NSSI seen in adults with learning disabilities [42] motivates investigation of autistic symptom severity as a predictor of the form of NSSI described by Maddox et al.”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
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Metadata
- Authors
- McClintock, K., Hall, S., & Oliver, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Oliver, C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-08-15
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 405-416
- ISSN
- 0964-2633 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2788
- OpenAlex
- W1975575139
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- behavioral problems, intellectual disability, risk indicators, aggression, self-harm, stereotypy, autism spectrum disorder, communication difficulties, sex differences, severity of intellectual disability, environmental disturbance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Child, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Risk Factors, Social Behavior, Self-Injurious Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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