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Feeding behaviour of cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to spawning
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The food consumption and egg production of 26 adult (13 female and 13 male) Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were monitored during prespawning, spawning and postspawning periods. Females spawned from late January to mid-April. Feeding activity occurred from December to early January and ceased for females, on average, 36 days (15–54 days) before the onset of spawning. The duration of spawning by females was, on average, 42 days (10–61 days) and feeding was suppressed by both sexes during the first three-quarters of each female’s spawning period. Mature females went, on average, 70 days or 19% of the year without eating. An abrupt increase in feeding activity, particularly by females, occurred during the last quarter of spawning or shortly after the release of the last egg batch (on average, feeding started again after 91% of a female’s eggs had been released or 82% of egg batches). Females consumed greater quantities of food than males during both winter and postspawning feeding periods. During spawning, females lost, on average, 29% of their body weight and males 14%. Fecundity ranged from 0.75 to 3.97 million eggs per female. The volume of eggs produced by four individual females (range = 1285–5995 ml in four to 11 batches) ranged from 99 to 195% (mean 150%) of a female’s postspawning body volume. Six immature cod fed throughout the experimental period and gained, on average, 8% of initial body weight. Laboratory results were supported by stomach fullness index values of Georges Bank cod exhibiting different maturity states.
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“These results indicated that lionfish increased feeding in the months between likely periods of reproduction, which may have allowed energy reserves to be replenished (Fordham and Trippel, 1999).”
From Reproductive biology of invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.) (2015) · cites this paper as Fordham and Trippel, 1999
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- W[S[^Randall\ D[J[^Donaldson\ E[M[ "Eds#\ 0872] Fish physi! ology\ Vol[ 8[ Reproduction\ Part A\ Endocrine tissues and hormones[ Academic Press\ New York[ Jobling\ M[\ 0871] Food and growth relationships of the cod Gadus morhua L[\ with special references to Balsfjorden\ north Norway[ J[ Fish Biol[ 10\ 246Ð260[ Kjesbu\ O[S[\ 0878] The spawning activity of cod\ Gadus morhua L[ J[ Fish Biol[ 23\ 084Ð195[ Kjesbu\ O[S[^Klungso Âyr\ J[^Kryvi\ H[^Wittames\ P[R[^Greer Walker\ M[\ 0880] Fecundity\ atresia\ and egg size of captive Atlantic cod "Gadus morhua# in relation to proximate body consumption[ Can J[ Fish[ Aquat[ Sci[ 37\ 1222Ð1232
- address] [ A[ Trippel\ Fisheries and Oceans Canada\ Bio! logical Station\ St[ Andrews\ New Brunswick\ Canada\ E9G 1X9 14390426, 1999, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0426.1999.00098.x by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [30/08/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License · DOI
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“Patterns of feeding, growth, metabolism and energy storage in cod vary during the course of a year (Eliassen and Vahl, 1982a; Eliassen and Vahl, 1982b; Love, 1988; Fordham and Trippel, 1999; Schwalme and Chouinard, 1999; Solberg and Willumsen, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialPauly, D. F., Froese, R., Liang, C., Müller, J., & Sorensen, P. W. (2023) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/s10641-023-01482-2 · Cited by 8
“2020) “An abrupt increase in feeding activity, particularly by females, occurred during the last quarter of spawning or shortly after the release of the last egg batch” Fordham and Trippel (1999) eggs that must be supplied with scarce oxygen, and thus enable them to grow again.””
BackgroundSex‐specific food intake in whiting Merlangius merlangus
Lauerburg, R. A. M., Keyl, F., Kotterba, P., Floeter, J., & Temming, A. (2015) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.12682 · Cited by 8
Carpentieri, P., Cantarelli, T., Colloca, F., Criscoli, A., & Ardizzone, G. (2010) · Scientia Marina · doi:10.3989/scimar.2010.74n4659 · Cited by 8
“with a change in hormone levels at spawning that might reduce individual foraging (Hoar et al., 1983; Fordham and Trippel, 1999).”
BackgroundSawanboonchun, J. (2009) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 8
Marshall, R. C., Fisher, J. A. D., Einfeldt, A. L., Gatti, P., Robert, D., & Bris, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.15501 · Cited by 8
Butts, I. A. E., Feindel, N., Neil, S. R. E., Kovács, E. L., Urbányi, B., & Trippel, E. A. (2011) · Aquaculture Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02769.x · Cited by 7
Self-citationSkulstad, O. F., Karlsen, Ø., Fosseidengen, J. E., Kristiansen, T., Taranger, G. L., & Oppedal, F. (2012) · Aquaculture Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03095.x · Cited by 7
Khallaf, E. A., & Authman, M. M. N. (2012) · Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.21608/ejabf.2012.2113 · Cited by 7
“In both Atlantic cod (Fordham and Trippel, 1999) and winter flounder (Scott and Scott, 1988; MacDonald and Volkoff, 2009), feeding is suppressed in both sexes during the spawning period and increases after spawning.”
Puvanendran, V., Lein, I., Bangera, R., Mortensen, A., & Thorsen, A. (2019) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.013 · Cited by 6
van Deurs, M., Persson, A., Nilsson, P. A., & Jørgensen, C. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.08739 · Cited by 6
“Food was available all year, except that it was assumed that no feeding takes place around spawning time (Fordham and Trippel 1999).”
BackgroundTiming mussel deployments to improve reintroduction success and restoration efficiency
Alder, A., JEFFS, A. G., & Hillman, J. R. (2022) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps14157 · Cited by 6
Feeding Habits of Lycodes tanakae in the Coastal Waters of the middle East Sea, Korea
Choi, Y. M., Yoon, B. S., Kim, H. S., Park, J. H., Park, K. Y., Lee, J.-B., Yang, J. H., & Sohn, M. H. (2013) · Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.5657/kfas.2013.0843 · Cited by 6
Thiamine Allocation and Deficiency Status Throughout the Life Cycle of Cod
Hauber, M. M., Todisco, V., Nordahl, O., Tibblin, P., Fridolfsson, E., Kärvegård, E., & Hylander, S. (2026) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72828 · Cited by 5
“However, as cod may only reduce its feeding and dietary thiamine intake during the spawning period (Fordham and Trippel 1999; Michalsen et al. 2008), it is impossible to disentangle whether it is a reallocation of internal thiamine sources or simply an increased allocation of externally sourced…”
Using purposeful inbreeding to reduce outbreeding depression caused by escaped farmed Atlantic cod
Puckrin, O. A., Purchase, C., & Trippel, E. A. (2013) · Aquaculture Environment Interactions · doi:10.3354/aei00082 · Cited by 5
Self-citationState-dependent energy allocation in cod
Jørgensen, C., & Fiksen, Ø. (2006) · Cited by 5
Ghosal, R., Coulter, A. A., & Sorensen, P. W. (2022) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes7040176 · Cited by 4
Saemi-Komsari, M., Bani, A., & Khara, H. (2015) · Indian Journal of Fisheries · Cited by 4
Mlingi, F. T., Burgerhout, E., Mommens, M., Tveiten, H., Tomkiewicz, J., Kjørsvik, E., & Puvanendran, V. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311735 · Cited by 4
Ageeva, T. N., Olsen, R. L., Joensen, S., & Esaiassen, M. (2018) · Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology · doi:10.1080/10498850.2018.1448919 · Cited by 4
“This can probably be explained by suppressed feeding behavior during the start of the spawning, as suggested by Fordham and Trippel (1999), and is in accordance with our previous observations that the cod slaughtered 2 days after capture had empty gastrointestinal tracts (Ageeva et al., 2017).”
ResultEffects of environmental contaminants on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the inner Oslofjord
Fredriksen, L. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 4
Decline in Feeding Activity of Female Cultured Delta Smelt Prior to Spawning
Hung, T., Eder, K. J., Javidmehr, A., & Loge, F. J. (2014) · North American Journal of Aquaculture · doi:10.1080/15222055.2014.886650 · Cited by 3
Effects of Environmental Condition on Growth and Reproduction of Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua
Yoneda, M. (2006) · Cited by 2
Dobroslavić, T., Conides, A. J., Šprem, J. S., Glamuzina, B., & Bartulović, V. (2021) · Acta Adriatica · doi:10.32582/aa.62.1.3 · Cited by 2
“…is a strategy to increase larvae survival (LAMBERT & WARE, 1984) and it also occurs in species with high fecundity and a physical limitation (small size), since hydration significantly increases the diameter of the eggs and expands the abdominal cavity (BEGENAL, 1973; FORDHAM & TRIPPEL, 1999).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Fordham, B. S. E., & Trippel, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Ichthyology
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0175-8659 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0426
- OpenAlex
- W2116779796
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Ichthyology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fordham University
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Marine and fisheries research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
- Keywords
- Gadus morhua, feeding behaviour, spawning, dietary intake, egg production, fecundity, weight loss, sex differences, maturity, stomach fullness index, Georges Bank
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