The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toll receptors and pathogen resistance
Abstract
Toll receptors in insects, mammals and plants are key players that sense the invasion of pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mammals have been established to detect specific components of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that TLRs are involved in the recognition of viral invasion. Signalling pathways via TLRs originate from the conserved Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The TIR domain-containing MyD88 acts as a common adaptor that induces inflammatory cytokines; however, there exists a MyD88-independent pathway that induces type I IFNs in TLR4 and TLR3 signalling. Another TIR domain-containing adaptor, TIRAP/Mal has recently been shown to mediate the MyD88-dependent activation in the TLR4 and TLR2 signalling pathway. Thus, individual TLRs may have their own signalling systems that characterize their specific activities.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047123 · Cited by 6,491
Self-citationRecognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129
Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity
Akira, S., Takeda, K., & Kaisho, T. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/90609 · Cited by 4,777
Self-citationOligosaccharides of Hyaluronan Activate Dendritic Cells via Toll-like Receptor 4
Termeer, C., Benedix, F., Sleeman, J., Fieber, C., Voith, U., Ahrens, T., Miyake, K., Freudenberg, M., Galanos, C., & Simon, J. C. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20001858 · Cited by 1,378
Cited by
Microglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs
Olson, J. K., & Miller, S. D. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3916 · Cited by 1,215
Invertebrate immune systems – not homogeneous, not simple, not well understood
Loker, E. S., Adema, C. M., Zhang, S., & Kepler, T. B. (2004) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0117.x · Cited by 718
Innate and Adaptive Immunity Cooperate Flexibly to Maintain Host-Microbiota Mutualism
Slack, E., Hapfelmeier, S., Stecher, B., Velykoredko, Y., Stoel, M., Lawson, M. A. E., Geuking, M. B., Beutler, B., Tedder, T. F., Hardt, W.-D., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1172747 · Cited by 503
Recognition of Staphylococcus aureus by the Innate Immune System
Fournier, B., & Philpott, D. J. (2005) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.18.3.521-540.2005 · Cited by 477
Induction and Regulation of IFNs During Viral Infections
Malmgaard, L. (2004) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/1079990041689665 · Cited by 454
Metadata
- Authors
- Takeda, K., & Akira, S.
- Venue
- Cellular Microbiology
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 143-153
- ISSN
- 1462-5814 (ISSN-L)
- 1462-5822
- OpenAlex
- W1976300852
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 10.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Toll receptors and pathogen resistance. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00264.x
- The paper
- Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2003). Toll receptors and pathogen resistance. Cellular Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00264.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
