Cited by 4,777Immune Response and InflammationInflammasome and immune disordersImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity

Akira, Shizuo, Takeda, Kiyoshi, Kaisho, Tsuneyasu·2001·Nature Immunology

Abstract

Recognition of pathogens is mediated by a set of germline-encoded receptors that are referred to as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns (pathogen-associated molecular patterns), which are shared by large groups of microorganisms. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) function as the PRRs in mammals and play an essential role in the recognition of microbial components. The TLRs may also recognize endogenous ligands induced during the inflammatory response. Similar cytoplasmic domains allow TLRs to use the same signaling molecules used by the interleukin 1 receptors (IL-1Rs): these include MyD88, IL-1R--associated protein kinase and tumor necrosis factor receptor--activated factor 6. However, evidence is accumulating that the signaling pathways associated with each TLR are not identical and may, therefore, result in different biological responses.

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Crossref · 10.1038/90609

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Authors
Akira, S., Takeda, K., & Kaisho, T.
Affiliations
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JP)
Corresponding author
Akira, Shizuo
Venue
Nature Immunology
Published
2001-08
Volume
2
Issue
8
Pages
675-680
ISSN
  • 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
  • 1529-2916
OpenAlex
W1655860314
Cited by
4,777
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 58 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 178 · 2017: 169 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 184 · 2014: 219 · 2013: 244 · 2012: 218
FWCI
21.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords
Toll-like receptors, pattern recognition receptors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, MyD88, IRAK, TRAF6, interleukin-1 receptor signaling, endogenous ligands, inflammation, microbial identification
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Immunity, Interleukin-1, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Cell Surface, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Drosophila Proteins, Toll-Like Receptors

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