The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 16 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The earliest datable observation of the aurora borealis
Abstract
The Late Babylonian astronomical texts, discovered at the site of Babylon (32.5°N, 44.4°E) more than a century ago, contain what is probably the earliest reliable account of the aurora borealis. A clay tablet recording numerous celestial observations made by the official astronomers during the 37th year of King Nebuchadnezzar II (568/567 BC) describes an unusual “red glow” in the sky at night; the exact date of this observation corresponds to the night of 12/13 March in 567 BC. The most likely interpretation of the phenomenon is an auroral display. This event occurred several centuries before the first clearly identifiable observation of the aurora from elsewhere in the world, namely China in 193 BC. The Babylonian auroral observation is remarkable in the sense that it is one of a series of carefully recorded astronomical observations, for each of which the year, month and day are known precisely. This observation occurred at a time when the geomagnetic (dipole) latitude of Babylon was about 41°N compared with the present value of 27.5°N, suggesting a higher auroral incidence at Babylon in 567 BC than at present.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 16 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingcitation§ Abstract
According to calendrical tables, the date of the red glow corresponds to between sunset on 12 March and sunrise on 13 March in 567 BC.
“According to the calendrical tables (Parker and Dubberstein 1956), this date corresponds to some time between sunset on 12 March and sunrise on 13 March in 567 BC (the Babylonian day began at sunset).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Parker and Dubberstein 1956
- Rests on an assumption: The Babylonian day began at sunset.
- Findingcitation§ Abstract
The last visibility of the crescent in the 11th month would have occurred on the morning of either 11 March or 12 March.
“Our computations based on the crescent visibility criteria of Neugebauer (1929) indicate that in the 11th month the last visibility of the crescent would have occurred on the morning of either 11 March or 12 March”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Neugebauer 1929
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The Babylonian auroral record
The most likely interpretation of the phenomenon is an auroral display.
“The most likely interpretation of the phenomenon is an auroral display.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The most common colour in the high-latitude aurora is green.
- Rests on an assumption: The relatively rare aurorae that are seen at low latitudes are most commonly red and are known as great red aurorae.
- Rests on an assumption: The most usual form of auroral display is a long luminous band that arcs from horizon to horizon in a magnetic east-west direction.
- Rests on an assumption: Under very intense geomagnetic activity, the main auroral display moves even further towards the equator and can sometimes be seen to the south of the observing site.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral record
The observation cannot refer to the zodiacal light because the colour of the light is stated to be red.
“Moreover, since the colour of the light is stated to be”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ The Babylonian auroral record
The Babylonian auroral observation is one of a series of carefully recorded astronomical observations, for each of which the year, month and day are known precisely.
“The Babylonian auroral observation is remarkable in the sense that it is one of a series of carefully recorded astronomical observations, for each of which the year, month and day are known precisely.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Interpretationown data§ Abstract
Since no other example of akukutu is found in extant Babylonian diaries covering about 100 years, a very rare atmospheric phenomenon seems to be referred to.
“Since there is no other example of the use of akukutu in other extant Babylonian diaries, which cumulatively cover about 100 years of data, a very rare atmospheric phenomenon seems to be referred to.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral record
The recorded interval of as long as four hours precludes the interpretation of the phenomenon as an extended sunset caused by scattering of light from volcanic dust in the stratosphere.
“However, the recorded interval of as long as four hours precludes the interpretation of the phenomenon as an extended sunset, caused by scattering of light from volcanic dust in the stratosphere.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Babylonian auroral record
The event occurred several centuries before the first clearly identifiable observation of the aurora from elsewhere in the world, namely China in 193 BC.
“This event occurred several centuries before the first clearly identifiable observation of the aurora from elsewhere in the world, namely China in 193 BC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yau et al. 1995
- Interpretationcitation§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral record
The auroral isochasms for AD 1700-1942 are not applicable to 567 BC because the geomagnetic field was substantially different.
“However, the auroral isochasms for the interval AD 1700-1942 are not applicable to 567 BC, since average spherical harmonic models (100year means) of the geomagnetic field imply that the geographic co-ordinates of the north geomagnetic pole (centred dipole axis) were about 82°N and 35°E around 567 BC (Constable et al. 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Constable et al. 2000 source
- Interpretationcitation§ Abstract
The key expression ina SÚ should be translated as a direction (west), rather than a time (dusk).
“However, there is strong evidence that the key expression ina S ˘Ú should be translated as a direction (”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites H Hunger (private communication)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Abstract
The third omen example would be difficult to explain as anything other than an auroral display.
“However, it would be difficult to explain the third example as anything other than an auroral display.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral record
The lowest-latitude auroral isochasm (annual frequency 0.1) may have been no more than just a few degrees north (or possibly even south) of Babylon in 567 BC.
“Moreover, since the north geomagnetic pole was essentially tilted towards Babylon in 567 BC, the lowestlatitude auroral isochasm (annual frequency 0.1) may have been no more than just a few degrees north (or possibly even south) of Babylon.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion
The authors' discovery is the oldest reliable and readily identifiable observation of the aurora borealis.
“Our discovery of what we believe to be the oldest reliable -and readily identifiable -observation of the aurora borealis”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premiseown data§ Abstract
Planetary phenomena that did not also involve the Moon were never timed in Babylonian diaries.
“Inspection of a large number of astronomical diaries shows that planetary phenomena that did not also involve the Moon were never timed -even at much later periods in Babylonian history.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Abstract
The term akukutu could apply to either a daytime or night-time phenomenon.
“These involve akukutu in conditional statements (Weidner 1912, Neugebauer and Weidner 1915, Gelb et al. 1964, Hunger 1992), which indicate that the term akukutu could apply to either a daytime or night-time phenomenon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Weidner 1912
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Neugebauer and Weidner 1915
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Gelb et al. 1964
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ The Babylonian auroral record
The 37th year of Nebuchadnezzar II extended from April 568 to April 567 BC on the Julian calendar.
“From historical considerations, the 37th year of this famous king is well established as extending from April 568 to April 567 BC on the Julian calendar (Parker and Dubberstein 1956).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Parker and Dubberstein 1956
- Premisecitation§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral record
The north geomagnetic pole around 567 BC was about 82°N and 35°E.
“average spherical harmonic models (100year means) of the geomagnetic field imply that the geographic co-ordinates of the north geomagnetic pole (centred dipole axis) were about 82°N and 35°E around 567 BC (Constable et al. 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Constable et al. 2000 source
- Study design and conductown data§ Abstract
The Julian date is precisely correct, confirmed by computing lunar phenomena recorded in the same diary during the 11th and 12th months.
“We have confirmed that this Julian date is precisely correct by computing some of the lunar phenomena recorded in the same diary during the 11th and 12th months.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stephenson and Willis 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral record
The occurrence frequency of bright aurorae in Babylon in the 6th century BC could easily have been approximately once per decade.
“Consequently, the occurrence frequency of bright aurorae in Babylon in the 6th century BC could easily have been approximately once per decade, even without allowing for any questionable short-lived geomagnetic excursion at that time (Raspopov et al. 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Constable et al. 2000 source
- Premisecitation§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral record
Auroral isochasms based on AD 1700-1942 suggest that the expected frequency of bright aurorae at Babylon should be significantly less than once per decade.
“Auroral isochasms (lines of constant auroral occurrence frequency that circumscribe the magnetic poles) based on auroral data acquired during the interval AD 1700-1942 (Fritz 1881, Vestine 1944, Chapman 1957, Oguti 1993) suggest that the expected frequency of bright aurorae at Babylon (32.5°N, 44.4°E) should be significantly less than once per decade.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
- It may state two separate claims as one. 6
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ AbstractThe Moon would have been very close to the Sun and thus invisible on the night when the red glow appeared.
“Certain events involving the Moon (e.g.eclipses) were timed, but on the night when the red glow appeared in the sky the Moon would have been very close to the Sun and thus invisible (there was no solar eclipse at that time).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Babylonian auroral recordThe tablet originally covered a full year of observations, but only data from lunar months I-III and X-XII are preserved.
“The tablet originally covered a full year of observations, but only data from lunar months I-III (obverse) and X-XII (reverse) are now preserved.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ AbstractBy the morning of 13 March the Moon would have already passed conjunction with the Sun and would reappear in the evening sky on 14 March.
“by the morning of 13 March the Moon would have already passed conjunction with the Sun and would reappear in the evening sky on 14 March.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ The Babylonian auroral recordThe date of the Berlin text is well preserved, with the first line giving Year 37 of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, and confirmed at the end of the reverse.
“Unlike so many other LBAT, its date is well preserved.The first line of the obverse begins:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ AbstractSimilar remarks apply to ordinary meteorological phenomena and occasional human events noted in the diaries.
“Similar remarks apply to ordinary meteorological phenomena (such as rain showers or thunderstorms) and also the occasional human events noted in the diaries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral recordThe Babylonian text from 567 BC is contained in a diary devoted to recording astronomical phenomena, compiled by observers with specific responsibility for watching the sky.
“By contrast, the Babylonian text from 567 BC is contained in a diary devoted to the recording of astronomical phenomena (mainly involving the Moon and planets), which was compiled by observers with specific responsibility for watching the sky.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Babylonian auroral recordThe Berlin text (VAT 4956) is the second oldest Babylonian astronomical diary in existence.
“The Berlin text is the second oldest Babylonian astronomical diary in existence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ AbstractThe duration of the red glow is referred to by the two double hours in the quotation.
“In view of these remarks, there seems little alternative to supposing that in the above quotation the duration of the red glow is referred to.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Babylonian auroral recordThe geomagnetic (dipole) latitude of Babylon was about 41°N in 567 BC, compared with the present value of 27.5°N.
“This observation occurred at a time when the geomagnetic (dipole) latitude of Babylon was about 41°N compared with the present value of 27.5°N”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Constable et al. 2000 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ AbstractThe second omen example would seem to refer to some phenomenon of the lower atmosphere, such as a dust storm.
“The second example quoted above would seem to refer to some phenomenon of the lower atmosphere -e.g. a dust storm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ ConclusionThe scientific relevance of the LBAT may be far from exhausted.
“suggests that the scientific relevance of the LBAT may be far from exhausted.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral recordIf the auroral band is overhead, an observer looking west or east observes a long path length through the luminosity and therefore sees a brighter glow.
“If the band is overhead, an observer looking west or east observes a long path length through the luminosity and therefore sees a brighter glow.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The most usual form of auroral display is a long luminous band that arcs from horizon to horizon in a magnetic east-west direction.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ AbstractThe red glow was presumably a relatively short-lived phenomenon.
“Presumably it was a relatively short-lived phenomenon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral recordThis would be described as a red glow in the west or east, depending on which region is brighter.
“This would be described as a red glow in the west or east, depending on which region is brighter.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The most usual form of auroral display is a long luminous band that arcs from horizon to horizon in a magnetic east-west direction.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Scientific interpretation of the auroral recordThe references to akukutu in the omen tablets suggest that the phenomenon was known considerably earlier than the observation reported in this paper.
“The references to akukutu in the omen tablets suggest that the phenomenon was known considerably earlier than the observation reported in this paper.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The various events in Babylonian astronomical diaries were recorded as they were observed, not retrospectively.
“It appears that the various events were recorded as they were observed, not retrospectively when a few months of data had been compiled.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most common colour in the high-latitude aurora is green.
“The most common colour in the high-latitude aurora is green.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relatively rare aurorae that are seen at low latitudes are most commonly red and are known as great red aurorae.
“However, the relatively rare aurorae that are seen at low latitudes are most commonly red and consequently are known as great red aurorae.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most usual form of auroral display is a long luminous band that arcs from horizon to horizon in a magnetic east-west direction.
“The most usual form of auroral display is a long luminous band that arcs from horizon to horizon in a magnetic east-west direction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Under very intense geomagnetic activity, the main auroral display moves even further towards the equator and can sometimes be seen to the south of the observing site.
“Such aurorae are observed most frequently in a general northerly direction from a particular site, but under very intense geomagnetic activity the main auroral display moves even further towards the equator and can sometimes be seen to the south of the observing site.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Babylonian day began at sunset.
“(the Babylonian day began at sunset)”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Citation points to a volume outside the tablet's date range
MinorThe paper attributes its translation of a 567 BC entry to Sachs and Hunger (1989), but the cited volume covers 261-165 BC. The listed 1988 volume covers 567 BC.
“A transliteration and translation of the text that describes the phenomenon on the night of 12/13 March in 567 BC can be given as follows (Sachs and Hunger 1989):”
“18. Sachs A J and Hunger H 1989 Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, Vol. II: 261 B.C. to 165 B.C. (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna).”
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“The first known dated notation of an aurora is from March 12, 567 BC from Babylon (Stephenson et al., 2004).”
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A history of solar activity over millennia
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“The first known dated notation of an aurora is from March 12, 567 BC from Babylon (Stephenson et al., 2004).”
Long-lasting Extreme Magnetic Storm Activities in 1770 Found in Historical Documents
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“Historical documents allow us to trace solar activity back for millennia (Stephenson et al. 2004; Vaquero & Vázquez 2009; Hayakawa et al. 2016b), and possibly open new doors to determine the occurrence probability, longevity, and intensity of great magnetic storms caused by extreme solar flares.”
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USOSKIN, I. G., Miyake, F., Baroni, M., Brehm, N., Dalla, S., Hayakawa, H., Hudson, H. S., Jull, A. J. T., Knipp, D. J., Koldobskiy, S., et al. (2023) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-023-01018-1 · Cited by 63
Timelines as a tool for learning about space weather storms
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“Although there is still a controversy, the first datable comet observation was that in 673 BCE in the Babylonian records (Kronk 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialHistorical Auroras in the 990s: Evidence of Great Magnetic Storms
Hayakawa, H., Tamazawa, H., Uchiyama, Y., Ebihara, Y., Miyahara, H., Kosaka, S., Iwahashi, K., & Isobe, H. (2016) · Solar Physics · doi:10.1007/s11207-016-1039-2 · Cited by 36
“…any evidence of these carbon-14 spikes, as historical documents sometimes involve records of auroras as proxies of solar activity (Vaquero and Vázquez, 2009), up to BCE567 as a literal record and up to 771/772 with drawings (Stephenson, Willis, and Hallinan, 2004; Hayakawa et al., 2016c, 2016d).”
BackgroundA great space weather event in February 1730
Hayakawa, H., Ebihara, Y., Vaquero, J. M., Hattori, K., Carrasco, V. M. S., Gallego, M. C., Hayakawa, S., Watanabe, Y., Iwahashi, K., Tamazawa, H., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832735 · Cited by 32
The Dalton Minimum and John Dalton’s Auroral Observations
Silverman, S. M., & Hayakawa, H. (2020) · Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate · doi:10.1051/swsc/2020082 · Cited by 30
The Dalton Minimum and John Dalton’s Auroral Observations
Silverman, S. M., & Hayakawa, H. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/swsc/2020082/pdf · Cited by 28
Stephenson, F. R., Willis, D. M., Hayakawa, H., Ebihara, Y., Scott, C. J., Wilkinson, J., & Wild, M. (2019) · Solar Physics · doi:10.1007/s11207-019-1425-7 · Cited by 28
Self-citationBlake, S. P., Pulkkinen, A., Schuck, P. W., Glocer, A., & Tóth, G. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2020ja028284 · Cited by 25
“Of these different metrics, optical auroral sightings have been recorded for the longest time (Stephenson et al., 2004), but it can be difficult to precisely quantify the ‘footprint' location of the aurora (i.”
BackgroundHayakawa, H., Mitsuma, Y., Ebihara, Y., & Miyake, F. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab42e4 · Cited by 28
“In order to survey candidate auroral reports around the 7th century BCE, we have consulted the astrological reports in Hungerʼs critical edition (Hunger 1992) and noted all mentions of reddish luminous phenomena in the sky (see, Stephenson et al. 2004; Hayakawa et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialOccurrence of great magnetic storms on 6–8 March 1582
Hattori, K., Hayakawa, H., & Ebihara, Y. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1401 · Cited by 24
Variations in Mid-Latitude Auroral Activity During the Holocene*
Korte, M., & Stolze, S. (2014) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/arcm.12152 · Cited by 23
Historical space weather monitoring of prolonged aurora activities in Japan and in China
Kataoka, R., Isobe, H., Hayakawa, H., Tamazawa, H., Kawamura, A. D., Miyahara, H., Iwahashi, K., Yamamoto, K., Takei, M., Terashima, T., et al. (2017) · Space Weather · doi:10.1002/2016sw001493 · Cited by 21
Earliest datable records of aurora-like phenomena in the astronomical diaries from Babylonia
Hayakawa, H., Mitsuma, Y., Ebihara, Y., Kawamura, A. D., Miyahara, H., Tamazawa, H., & Isobe, H. (2016) · Earth Planets and Space · doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0571-5 · Cited by 25
The geomagnetic superstorm of 10 May 2024: Citizen science observationsPreprint
Grandin, M., Bruus, E., Ledvina, V., et al. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2024-2174 · Cited by 21
Tamazawa, H., Kawamura, A. D., Hayakawa, H., Tsukamoto, A., Isobe, H., & Ebihara, Y. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psw132 · Cited by 21
Low latitude auroras prior to 1200 C.E. and Ezekiel’s vision
Silverman, S. M. (2005) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.158 · Cited by 19
Investigation of ionospheric TEC anomalies caused by space weather conditions
Alçay, S., & Gungor, M. (2020) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-020-03862-x · Cited by 17
Hayakawa, H., Iwahashi, K., Tamazawa, H., Ebihara, Y., Kawamura, A. D., Isobe, H., Namiki, K., & Shibata, K. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psx087 · Cited by 18
TheOurobórosas an Auroral Phenomenon
van der Sluijs, M. A., & Peratt, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Folklore Research · doi:10.2979/jfr.2009.46.1.3 · Cited by 15
“…of Babylon was about 41º N compared with the present value of 27.5º N, suggesting a higher auroral incidence at Babylon in 567 BC than at present” (Stephenson et al 2004:615).22 If our analysis is correct, the mythology and iconography of the ourobóros can be seen as a recollection of an…”
BackgroundHayakawa, H., Schlegel, K., Besser, B. P., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb3c2 · Cited by 12
van der Sluijs, M. A., & Hayakawa, H. (2022) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2022.01.010 · Cited by 11
The Celestial Sign in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 770s: Insights on Contemporary Solar Activity
Hayakawa, H., Stephenson, F. R., Uchikawa, Y., Ebihara, Y., Scott, C. J., Wild, M. N., Wilkinson, J., & Willis, D. M. (2019) · Solar Physics · doi:10.1007/s11207-019-1424-8 · Cited by 19
“…and Green, 2002; Enoto, Kisaka, and Shibata, 2018), comets (Kronk, 1999), sunspots (Willis, Easterbrook, and Stephenson, 1980; Vaquero and Vazquez, 2009; Willis and Stephenson, 2001), and aurorae (Silverman, 1998, 2006; Stephenson, Willis, and Hallinan, 2004; Hayakawa et al., 2016b, 2017b).”
Self-citationObservations of the Aurora by Visible All-Sky Camera at Jang Bogo Station, Antarctica
Jee, G., Ham, Y., Choi, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.5140/jass.2021.38.4.203 · Cited by 9
“…decades - perhaps, for many centuries - even before the space research began (Schröder 1979; Eather 1980; Akasofu 1981; Elphinstone et al. 1996; Stephenson et al. 2004), the physical processes behind the phenomena have only recently begun to be understood and new auroral phenomena also…”
Early observation of the aurora australis: AD 1640
Willis, D. M., Vaquero, J. M., & Stephenson, F. R. (2009) · Astronomy & Geophysics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2009.50520.x · Cited by 9
Self-citationHeavenly lights: An exploratory review of auroral ecosystem services and disservices
Broome, J. D., Cook, D., & Davíðsdóttir, B. (2024) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101626 · Cited by 8
Earliest datable records of aurora-like phenomena in the astronomical diaries from Babylonia
Hayakawa, H., Mitsuma, Y., Ebihara, Y., Kawamura, A. D., Miyahara, H., Tamazawa, H., & Isobe, H. (2016) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 8
The extreme space weather events in October 1788
Hattori, K., Hayakawa, H., & Ebihara, Y. (2021) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psab079 · Cited by 5
An early mid-latitude aurora observed by Rozier (Béziers, 1780)
Bertolin, C., Domínguez‐Castro, F., & de Ferri, L. (2020) · Annales Geophysicae · doi:10.5194/angeo-38-1139-2020 · Cited by 8
Auroral oval reconstruction for historical geomagnetic storms in the 18th and 19th century
Wagner, D., Neuhäuser, R., & Arlt, R. (2023) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.20220078 · Cited by 4
Explorations of Extreme Space Weather Events from Stellar Observations and Archival Investigations
Hayakawa, H., Notsu, Y., & Ebihara, Y. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7765-7_11 · Cited by 4
An Early Low Latitude Aurora Observed by Rozier (Beziers, 1780)Preprint
Bertolin, C., Domínguez‐Castro, F., & de Ferri, L. (2020) · doi:10.5194/angeo-2020-1 · Cited by 3
Percec, V., Adamson, J., & Gianti, E. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527834044.ch1 · Cited by 2
Space Weather at Earth and in Our Solar System
Lugaz, N. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814334-6.00012-1 · Cited by 2
Making 3D movies of Northern Lights
Hivon, E., Mouette, J., & Legault, T. (2017) · Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate · doi:10.1051/swsc/2017023 · Cited by 2
“If the earliest known record of an Aurora was written on a clay tablet 567 BC in Babylon (Stephenson et al., 2004), they have since been filmed in color with specially designed high sensitivity cameras(1) in the mid-1980s (Hallinan et al.”
BackgroundTerrestrial Aurorae and Solar–Terrestrial Relations
Vaquero, J. M., & Vázquez, M. (2009) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92790-9_6 · Cited by 2
Comment on egusphere-2024-2174
Grandin, M., Bruus, E., Ledvina, V. E., et al. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2024-2174-rc2
Wagner, D., Neuhäuser, R., & Arlt, R. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4051362
Metadata
- Authors
- Stephenson, F. R., Willis, D. M., & Hallinan, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB)
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (US)
- ORCID
- Willis, David M
- Venue
- Astronomy and Geophysics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 6.15-6.17
- ISSN
- 1366-8781 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4004
- OpenAlex
- W2135762156
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Astronomy & Geophysics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Historical Astronomy and Related Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
- Keywords
- aurora borealis, Nebuchadnezzar II, clay tablets, historical astronomical observations, geomagnetic latitude, Babylon, history of astronomy
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