Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems

GILL, RICHARD A.; JACKSON, ROBERT B.

doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x

Cited by 1,300Soil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsPlant Water Relations and Carbon DynamicsMycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions

Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems

GILL, RICHARD A., JACKSON, ROBERT B.·2000·New Phytologist

DOI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x

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Abstract

Root turnover is a critical component of ecosystem nutrient dynamics and carbon sequestration and is also an important sink for plant primary productivity. We tested global controls on root turnover across climatic gradients and for plant functional groups by using a database of 190 published studies. Root turnover rates increased exponentially with mean annual temperature for fine roots of grasslands ( r 2 = 0.48) and forests ( r 2 = 0.17) and for total root biomass in shrublands ( r 2 = 0.55). On the basis of the best‐fit exponential model, the Q 10 for root turnover was 1.4 for forest small diameter roots (5 mm or less), 1.6 for grassland fine roots, and 1.9 for shrublands. Surprisingly, after accounting for temperature, there was no such global relationship between precipitation and root turnover. The slowest average turnover rates were observed for entire tree root systems (10% annually), followed by 34% for shrubland total roots, 53% for grassland fine roots, 55% for wetland fine roots, and 56% for forest fine roots. Root turnover decreased from tropical to high‐latitude systems for all plant functional groups. To test whether global relationships can be used to predict interannual variability in root turnover, we evaluated 14 yr of published root turnover data from a shortgrass steppe site in northeastern Colorado, USA. At this site there was no correlation between interannual variability in mean annual temperature and root turnover. Rather, turnover was positively correlated with the ratio of growing season precipitation and maximum monthly temperature ( r 2 = 0.61). We conclude that there are global patterns in rates of root turnover between plant groups and across climatic gradients but that these patterns cannot always be used for the successful prediction of the relationship of root turnover to climate change at a particular site.

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Rainfall and Grazing Effects on Net Primary Productivity in a Tropical Savanna, India
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ROOT PRODUCTION IN FOUR COMMUNITIES IN THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP
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Root dynamics at drained peatland sites of different fertility in southern Finland
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Plant Biomass, Primary Production and Bioelements of Three Mature Beech Forests in South Sweden
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Seasonal Changes in Standing Crop and Primary Production in a Sedge Wetland and an Adjacent Dry Old‐Field in Central Minnesota
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Production dynamics for above and belowground components of a New Jersey Spartina alterniflora tidal marsh
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Primary production in wetlands
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Standing biomass and carbon distribution in a papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) swamp on Lake Naivasha, Kenya
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Variation in net primary productivity and biomass of forests in the high mountains of Central Himalaya
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Aboveground and Belowground Primary Production Dynamics of Two Delaware Bay Tidal Marshes
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Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system withGliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa
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Fine root turnover of irrigated hedgerow intercropping in Northern Kenya
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Variability in temperature regulation of CO2 fluxes and N mineralization from five Hawaiian soils: implications for a changing climate
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Enegry Value, Elemental Composition, and Productivity of Belowground Biomass of A Juncus Tidal Marsh
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ORGANIC MATTER DYNAMICS IN FOUR SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST COMMUNITIES OF THE DISMAL SWAMP
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Belowground structure and production in a Mediterranean sand dune shrub community
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Growth dynamics of superficial roots in Portuguese plantations ofEucalyptus globulus Labill. studied with a mesh bag technique
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Biomass, Shoot-Production and Grazing of Two Grasslands in the Rwenzori National Park, Uganda
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Seasonal Changes in Standing Crop, Primary Production, and Nutrient Levels in a Carex rostrata Wetland
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Seasonal Variation in Biomass and Energy of Small Roots in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Varanasi, India
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Fine root biomass distribution and productivity patterns under open and closed canopies of tropical forest ecosystems at Kodayar in Western Ghats, South India
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Evaluation of Two Methods for Estimating Belowground Production in a Freshwater Swamp Forest
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Annual Increase of Underground Materials in Three Range Grasses
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Effect of winter fire on primary productivity and nutrient concentration of a dry tropical savanna
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Fine root biomass, distribution, and production in young pine-hardwood stands
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Can soil organic carbon isotopes be used to describe grass‐tree dynamics at a savanna‐grassland ecotone and within the savanna?
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The Effects of Grazing on the Structure and Productivity of the Vegetation near Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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An Arctic ecosystem
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Fine-Root Biomass Distribution and Production Along a Barrier Island Chronosequence
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T ranslocation, remineralization, and turnover of nitrogen in the roots and rhizomes of S partina alterniflora (G ramineae )
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Fine-root biomass and nutrient cycling in Aristida stricta in a North Carolina coastal plain savanna
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Observations on Biomass Dynamics of a Crested Wheatgrass and Native Shortgrass Ecosystem in Southern Wyoming
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Biomass and Primary Productivity of Birch (Betula Pubescens S. Lat.) in South-West Greenland
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Seasonal changes in root biomass, root/shoot ratios and turnover in two coastal grassland communities in Transkei
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Influence of floristic composition on the net primary production and dry matter turnover in a tropical grassland
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Effect of grazing on standing crop, productivity and efficiency of energy capture in an alpine grassland ecosystem at Tungnath (Garhwal Himalaya), India.
Sundriyal, R. C., & Joshi, A. P. (1990) · Tropical Ecology · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A floodplain grassland of the central amazon
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Estimating above- and below-ground macrophyte production in Scirpus tidal marshes
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Fine‐root production in small experimental gaps in successional mixed boreal forests
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Savanna at Nairobi National Park, Nairobi
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Belowground Productivity of Roots and Rhizomes in a Giant Cordgrass Marsh
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Life History and Production of Above-and Belowground Structures of Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. in a Western New York Fen
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Phytomass and Primary Productivity in Several Communities of a Central Himalayan Alpine Meadow, India
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Winter Biomass in Typha glauca Godr. and Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.
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Savannization of dry tropical forest increases carbon flux relative to storage
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Primary production and management of seasonally flooded prairie marshes harvested for wild hay
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Evaluation of the organic matter supplied to the soil by the decay of the roots of an intensively managedPanicum Maximum sward
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Primary production of herbaceous layer in a tropical deciduous forest in Orissa, India.
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Variation in Net Primary Production of East and West Facing Slope Montane Grasslands of Uttarkashi, Garhwal Himalaya
Rajwal, G. S., & Ramola, V. C. (1990) · Indian Forester · Cited by 2 · see citing works

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A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming
GCTE-NEWS, Rustad, L. E., Campbell, J. L., Marion, G. M., Norby, R. J., Mitchell, M. J., Hartley, A. E., Cornelissen, J. H. C., & Gurevitch, J. (2001) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420000544 · Cited by 2,187 · see citing works
The macromolecular organic composition of plant and microbial residues as inputs to soil organic matter
Kögel‐Knabner, I. (2002) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(01)00158-4 · Cited by 1,997 · see citing works
Carbon flow in the rhizosphere: carbon trading at the soil–root interface
Jones, D. L., Nguyen, C., & Finlay, R. D. (2009) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-009-9925-0 · Cited by 1,714 · see citing works
Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below‐ground/above‐ground allometries of plants in water‐limited ecosystems
Schenk, H. J., & Jackson, R. B. (2002) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00682.x · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
Self-citation
Redefining fine roots improves understanding of below‐ground contributions to terrestrial biosphere processes
McCormack, M., Dickie, I. A., Eissenstat, D. M., Fahey, T. J., Fernandez, C. W., Guo, D., Helmisaari, H., Hobbie, E. A., Iversen, C. M., Jackson, R. B., et al. (2015) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.13363 · Cited by 1,470 · see citing works
Self-citation
Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review
Srogi, K. (2007) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
How tree roots respond to drought
Brunner, I. L., Herzog, C., Dawes, M. A., Arend, M., & Sperisen, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00547 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Towards a more plant physiological perspective on soil ecology
Högberg, P., & Read, D. J. (2006) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.004 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage
Chen, S., Wang, W., Xu, W., Wang, Y., Wan, H., Chen, D., Tang, Z., Tang, X., Zhou, G., Xie, Z., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1700298114 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Interpreting, measuring, and modeling soil respiration
Ryan, M. G., & Law, B. E. (2005) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-004-5167-7 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements
Freschet, G. T., Pagès, L., Iversen, C. M., Comas, L. H., Rewald, B., Roumet, C., Klimešová, J., Zadworny, M., Poorter, H., Postma, J. A., et al. (2021) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.17572 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Linking the global carbon cycle to individual metabolism
ALLEN, A. P., GILLOOLY, J. F., & BROWN, J. H. (2005) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00952.x · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Linking litter decomposition of above‐ and below‐ground organs to plant–soil feedbacks worldwide
Freschet, G. T., Cornwell, W. K., Wardle, D. A., Elumeeva, T. G., Liu, W., Jackson, B. G., Онипченко, В. Г., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Tao, J., & Cornelissen, J. H. C. (2013) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12092 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Linking leaf and root trait syndromes among 39 grassland and savannah species
Tjoelker, M. G., Craine, J. M., Wedin, D. A., Reich, P. B., & Tilman, D. G. (2005) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01428.x · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Impacts of Fine Root Turnover on Forest NPP and Soil C Sequestration Potential
Matamala, R., Gonzàlez‐Meler, M. A., JASTROW, J. D., Norby, R. J., & Schlesinger, W. H. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089543 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
The Effects of Bioturbation on Soil Processes and Sediment Transport
Gabet, E. J., Reichman, O. J., & Seabloom, E. W. (2003) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141314 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Predicting fine root lifespan from plant functional traits in temperate trees
McCormack, M., Adams, T. S., Smithwick, E. A. H., & Eissenstat, D. M. (2012) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04198.x · Cited by 469 · see citing works
COMPARISONS OF STRUCTURE AND LIFE SPAN IN ROOTS AND LEAVES AMONG TEMPERATE TREES
Withington, J. M., Reich, P., Oleksyn, J., & Eissenstat, D. (2006) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0381:cosals]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Mycorrhizal Hyphal Turnover as a Dominant Process for Carbon Input into Soil Organic Matter
Godbold, D. L., Hoosbeek, M. R., Lukáč, M., Cotrufo, M. F., Janssens, I. A., Ceulemans, R., Polle, A., Velthorst, E. J., Mugnozza, G. S., Angelis, P. D., et al. (2006) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-005-3701-6 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Fine Root Biomass, Production, Turnover Rates, and Nutrient Contents in Boreal Forest Ecosystems in Relation to Species, Climate, Fertility, and Stand Age: Literature Review and Meta-Analyses
Yuan, Z. Y., & Chen, H. Y. H. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352689.2010.483579 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration
Kell, D. B. (2011) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcr175 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Changes in the Onset of Spring in the Western United States
Cayan, D. R., Dettinger, M. D., Kammerdiener, S. A., Caprio, J. M., & Peterson, D. H. (2001) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Self-citation
Below‐ground process responses to elevated CO2 and temperature: a discussion of observations, measurement methods, and models
Pendall, E. G., Bridgham, S. D., Hanson, P. J., Hungate, B. A., Kicklighter, D. W., Johnson, D. W., Law, B. E., Luo, Y., Megonigal, J. P., Olsrud, M., et al. (2004) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01053.x · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Influences of evergreen gymnosperm and deciduous angiosperm tree species on the functioning of temperate and boreal forests
Augusto, L., Schrijver, A. D., Vesterdal, L., Smolander, A., Prescott, C. E., & Ranger, J. J. (2014) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12119 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Root dynamics and global change: seeking an ecosystem perspective
Norby, R. J., & Jackson, R. B. (2000) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00676.x · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Self-citation
Plant traits and wood fates across the globe: rotted, burned, or consumed?
Cornwell, W. K., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Allison, S., Bauhus, J., Eggleton, P., Preston, C. M., Scarff, F. R., Weedon, J. T., Wirth, C., & Zanne, A. E. (2009) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01916.x · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Net primary productivity allocation and cycling of carbon along a tropical forest elevational transect in the Peruvian Andes
Girardin, C. A. J., Malhi, Y. S., Aragão, L. E. O. C., MAMANI, M., Huasco, W. H., DURAND, L., Feeley, K. J., Rapp, J. M., Silva‐Espejo, J. E., Silman, M. R., et al. (2010) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02235.x · Cited by 408 · see citing works
SEIB–DGVM: A new Dynamic Global Vegetation Model using a spatially explicit individual-based approach
Sato, H., Itoh, A., & Kohyama, T. (2006) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.09.006 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Linkages of plant traits to soil properties and the functioning of temperate grassland
Orwin, K. H., Buckland, S. M., Johnson, D., Turner, B. L., Smart, S. M., Oakley, S., & Bardgett, R. D. (2010) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01679.x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
The decadal state of the terrestrial carbon cycle: Global retrievals of terrestrial carbon allocation, pools, and residence times
Bloom, A. A., Exbrayat, J., van der Velde, I. R., Feng, L., & Williams, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1515160113 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Hydrologic refugia, plants, and climate change
McLaughlin, B. C., Ackerly, D. D., Klos, P. Z., Natali, J., Dawson, T. E., & Thompson, S. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13629 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Climate, soil and plant functional types as drivers of global fine‐root trait variation
Freschet, G. T., Valverde‐Barrantes, O. J., Tucker, C. M., Craine, J. M., McCormack, M., Violle, C., Fort, F., Blackwood, C. B., Urban‐Mead, K. R., Iversen, C. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12769 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
High temporal resolution tracing of photosynthate carbon from the tree canopy to forest soil microorganisms
Högberg, P., Högberg, M. N., Göttlicher, S., Betson, N. R., Keel, S. G., Metcalfe, D. B., CAMPBELL, C. D., Schindlbacher, A., Hurry, V., Lundmark, T., et al. (2007) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02238.x · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Temperature drives global patterns in forest biomass distribution in leaves, stems, and roots
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Authors: GILL, R. A., & JACKSON, R. B.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
Corresponding author: GILL, RICHARD A.
ORCID: GILL, RICHARD A.
JACKSON, ROBERT B.
Venue: New Phytologist
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-07
Volume: 147
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-31
ISSN: 0028-646X (ISSN-L)
1469-8137
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x
OpenAlex: W1903751826
Cited by: 1,300
References: 166
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 49.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2928 d)
Locations: New Phytologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
Keywords: root turnover, fine roots, root biomass, plant functional groups, climate gradients, temperature sensitivity, Q10, precipitation, latitudinal gradient, grassland, forests, shrubland, wetlands, shortgrass steppe, interannual variability, climate change, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling

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Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems

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