A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes

Jackson, R. B.; Canadell, J.; Ehleringer, J. R.; Mooney, H. A.; Sala, O. E.; Schulze, E. D.

doi:10.1007/bf00333714

Cited by 3,071Soil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsForest ecology and managementPlant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics

A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes

Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R., Mooney, H. A., Sala, O. E., Schulze, E. D.·1996·Oecologia

DOI 10.1007/bf00333714

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Abstract

Understanding and predicting ecosystem functioning (e.g., carbon and water fluxes) and the role of soils in carbon storage requires an accurate assessment of plant rooting distributions. Here, in a comprehensive literature synthesis, we analyze rooting patterns for terrestrial biomes and compare distributions for various plant functional groups. We compiled a database of 250 root studies, subdividing suitable results into 11 biomes, and fitted the depth coefficient β to the data for each biome (Gale and Grigal 1987). β is a simple numerical index of rooting distribution based on the asymptotic equation Y=1-β d , where d = depth and Y = the proportion of roots from the surface to depth d. High values of β correspond to a greater proportion of roots with depth. Tundra, boreal forest, and temperate grasslands showed the shallowest rooting profiles (β=0.913, 0.943, and 0.943, respectively), with 80-90% of roots in the top 30 cm of soil; deserts and temperate coniferous forests showed the deepest profiles (β=0.975 and 0.976, respectively) and had only 50% of their roots in the upper 30 cm. Standing root biomass varied by over an order of magnitude across biomes, from approximately 0.2 to 5 kg m -2 . Tropical evergreen forests had the highest root biomass (5 kg m -2 ), but other forest biomes and sclerophyllous shrublands were of similar magnitude. Root biomass for croplands, deserts, tundra and grasslands was below 1.5 kg m -2 . Root/shoot (R/S) ratios were highest for tundra, gra…

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Allocation of C to root biomass is dramatically lower in traditional annual crops than in temperate grasslands, with globally averaged root:shoot ratios of 0.1 and 3.7, respectively.
“Allocation of C to root biomass is dramatically lower in traditional annual crops than in temperate grasslands, with globally averaged root : shoot ratios of 0.1 and 3.7, respectively (Jackson et al., 1996).”
From Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops (2009) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 1996

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Viereck, L. A., Cleve, K. V., & Dyrness, C. T. (1986) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4902-3_3 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Distribution of Plant Biomass in Relation to Grazing and Topography in the Shortgrass Steppe
Milchunas, D. G., & Lauenroth, W. K. (1989) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3565876 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Plant Biomass and Productivity of Prairie, Savanna, Oakwood, and Maize Field Ecosystems in Central Minnesota
Ovington, J. D., Haitkamp, D., & Lawrence, D. B. (1963) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1933180 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Water Losses in the Patagonian Steppe: A Modelling Approach
Paruelo, J. M., & Sala, O. E. (1995) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1941209 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Tentative Classification of Root Systems
Cannon, W. A. (1949) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1932458 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Arctic Hydrology and Climate Change
Kane, D. L., Hinzman, L. D., Woo, M., & Everett, K. R. (1992) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-168250-7.50009-2 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Recovery patterns of three chaparral shrub species after wildfire
Thomas, C. M., & Davis, S. D. (1989) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00379032 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Water use patterns of four co-occurring chaparral shrubs
Davis, S. D., & Mooney, H. A. (1986) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00379236 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
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Water Relations of a Perennial Grass and Seedling vs Adult Woody Plants in a Subtropical Savanna, Texas
Brown, J. R., & Archer, S. (1990) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3565966 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Relations Between Mineral Nutrient Availability and Fine Root Biomass in Two Costa Rican Tropical Wet Forests: A Hypothesis
Gower, S. T. (1987) · Biotropica · doi:10.2307/2388741 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
UNDERGROUND BIOMASS PROFILES AND PRODUCTIVITY IN ATLANTIC COASTAL MARSHES
Gallagher, J. L., & Plumley, F. G. (1979) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1979.tb06208.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate
(1992) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-02634-8 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Quatitative Study of the Entire Root Systems of Weed and Crop Plant under Field Conditions
Pavlychenko, T. K. (1937) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1932703 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Plant-Feeding Nematodes in Deep-Rooting Desert Ecosystems
Freckman, D. W., & Virginia, R. A. (1989) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1938101 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Spatial and temporal patterns of root activity in a species-rich alluvial grassland
FITTER, A. H. (1986) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00410368 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Root development in simple and complex tropical successional ecosystems
Berish, C. W., & Ewel, J. J. (1988) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf02371197 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Root biomass of a dry deciduous tropical forest in Mexico
Castellanos‐Albores, J., Maass, M., & Kummerow, J. (1991) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf00009452 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A comparison of minirhizotron, core and monolith methods for quantifying barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and fababean (Vicia faba L.) root distribution
Heeraman, D. A., & Juma, N. G. (1993) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf02185382 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Plant functional types and ecological strategies in Patagonian forbs
Golluscio, R. Á., & Sala, O. E. (1993) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.2307/3235623 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
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Biomass and nutrient distribution in two eucalypt forest ecosystems
Feller, M. (1980) · Australian Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1980.tb01255.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Vertical root distribution in relation to soil properties in New Jersey Pinelands forests
Sainju, U. M., & Good, R. E. (1993) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf00779179 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Root Occupation and Root Channels of Jarrah Forest Subsoils
Dell, B., Bartle, J., & Tacey, W. H. (1983) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt9830615 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Production of fine roots and the seasonality of their growth in a Mexican deciduous dry forest
Kummerow, J., Castillanos, J., Maas, M., & Larigauderie, A. (1990) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/bf00045590 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Soil‐Root Relationships of Certain Native Grasses in Various Soil Types
Weaver, J. E., & Darland, R. W. (1949) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/1943273 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Distribution of Root Length, and the Limits to Flow of Soil Water to Roots in a Dry Sclerophyll Forest
Carbon, B., Bartle, G. A., Murray, A. M., & Macpherson, D. K. (1980) · Forest Science · doi:10.1093/forestscience/26.4.656 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Biomass dynamics and water use efficiencies of five plant communities in the shortgrass steppe
Liang, Y.-J., Hazlett, D. L., & Lauenroth, W. K. (1989) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00380143 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rooting Density and Water Extraction Patterns for Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Taylor, H. M., & Klepper, B. (1973) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj1973.00021962006500060036x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Root biomass of Quercusilex in a montane Mediterranean forest
Canadell, J. G., & Rodà, F. (1991) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x91-245 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Root distribution in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand subjected to drought and ammonium-sulphate application
Persson, H. Å., von Fircks, Y., Majdi, H., & Nilsson, L. O. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0455-5_17 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Desert Dogma Reexamined: Root/Shoot Productivity and Plant Spacing
Barbour, M. G. (1973) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.2307/2424134 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Soil temperature as an ecological factor in boreal forests
Bonan, G. B. (1992) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511565489.005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Biomass and Structure of a Subtropical Eucalypt Forest, North Stradbroke Island
Westman, W. E., & Rogers, R. W. (1977) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt9770171 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Spatial Distributions of Grass and Shrub Root Systems in the Shortgrass Steppe
Lee, C. A., & Lauenroth, W. K. (1994) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.2307/2426206 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Biomass, net primary production, and nutrient distribution for an age sequence of Populustremuloides ecosystems
Ruark, G. A., & Bockheim, J. G. (1988) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x88-064 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Carbon flow and storage in a forest ecosystem.
Ke, R., Be, D., Nt, E., Wf, H., & Sollins, P. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Root biomass and surface area in three successional tropical forests
Berish, C. W. (1982) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x82-104 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Effect of Soil Moisture Level on Root Distribution of Cool‐Season Forage Species1
Bennett, O. L., & Doss, B. D. (1960) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj1960.00021962005200040008x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Soil Water Withdrawal and Root Characteristics of Big Sagebrush
Sturges, D. L. (1977) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.2307/2424978 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Root-nodule symbioses with Rhizobium
Vincent, J. M. (1974) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Belowground productivity of two cool desert communities
Caldwell, M. M., & Camp, L. B. (1974) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00346275 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Soil water use by co-existing shrubs and grasses in the Southern Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico
Montanā, C., Cavagnaro, B., & Briones, O. (1995) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1006/jare.1995.0043 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Seasonal changes of fine root density in the Southern Californian chaparral
Kummerow, J., Krause, D., & Jow, W. (1978) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00344991 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Structure and function in desert root systems.
Rundel, P. W., Nobel, P. S., & Atkinson, D. (1991) · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Root mechanical properties related to disturbed and stressed habitats in the Arctic
Jonasson, S., & Callaghan, T. V. (1992) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00064.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Some Observations from the Excavation of Honey Mesquite Root Systems
Heitschmidt, R. K., Ansley, R. J., Dowhower, S. L., Jacoby, P. W., & Price, D. L. (1988) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3899173 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Magnitude and Distribution of Belowground Plant Structures in the Alpine Tundra of Niwot Ridge, Colorado
Webber, P. J., & May, D. E. (1977) · Arctic and Alpine Research · doi:10.2307/1550578 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Soil biota and soil properties in the surface rooting zone of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) in historical and recently desertified Chihuahuan Desert habitats
Virginia, R. A., Jarrell, W. M., Whitford, W. G., & Freckman, D. W. (1992) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/bf00336256 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Root Development of Winter Wheat as Related to Tillage Practice in Western Nebraska1
Wilhelm, W. W., Mielke, L. N., & Fenster, C. R. (1982) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400010023x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
ROOT SYSTEMS, SPATIAL PATTERNS, AND COMPETITION FOR SOIL MOISTURE BETWEEN TWO DESERT SUBSHRUBS
Manning, S. J., & Barbour, M. G. (1988) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb13512.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Basin Hydrology and Plant Root Systems
Dobrowolski, J. P., Caldwell, M. M., & Richards, J. H. (1990) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74799-1_7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A Study of a Vegetation Catena in Guinea Savanna at Mole Game Reserve (Ghana)
Lawson, G. W., Jeník, J., & Armstrong-mensah, K. O. (1968) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.2307/2258248 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Root studies in the Chilean matorral
Hoffmann, A., & Kummerow, J. (1978) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00344689 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Root biomass distribution in a moist tropical montane forest
Vance, E. D., & Nadkarni, N. M. (1992) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf00010172 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fine-root dynamics and biomass distribution in a Quercus ecosystem following harvesting
Yin, X., Perry, J. A., & Dixon, R. K. (1989) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/0378-1127(89)90105-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Dry Forests of Puerto Rico’s South Coast
Murphy, P. G., Lugo, A. E., Murphy, A. J., & Nepstad, D. C. (1995) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2498-3_7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
TEMPERATURE, WATER AVAILABILITY, AND NUTRIENT LEVELS AT VARIOUS SOIL DEPTHS‐CONSEQUENCES FOR SHALLOW‐ROOTED DESERT SUCCULENTS, INCLUDING NURSE PLANT EFFECTS
Nobel, P. S. (1989) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15130.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Thermal and Water Relations of Roots of Desert Succulents
JORDAN, P. W., & Nobel, P. S. (1984) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086840 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effects of Environment Upon the Root Habits of Certain Deciduous Forest Trees
Biswell, H. H. (1935) · Botanical Gazette · doi:10.1086/334517 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effect of fertilization on biomass and nutrient content of fine roots in a beech-birch-maple stand
Safford, L. O. (1974) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf00011517 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Biomass and production of an aspen – mixed hardwood – spodosol ecosystem in northern Wisconsin
Pastor, J., & Bockheim, J. G. (1981) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x81-018 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Root Penetration, Distribution and Activity in Southern Grasses Measured by Yields, Drought Symptoms and P32 Uptake1
Burton, G. W., DeVane, E. H., & Carter, R. L. (1954) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj1954.00021962004600050012x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Methodology for the study of roots in field experiments and the interpretation of results.
Mackie‐Dawson, L. A., & Atkinson, D. (1991) · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Root Systems of Two Patagonian Shrubs: A Quantitative Description Using a Geometrical Method
A., R. J. F., & Paruelo, J. M. (1988) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3899171 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Root density-soil relationships in selected boreal forests of central Alberta, Canada
Strong, W. L., & Roi, G. H. L. (1985) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/0378-1127(85)90093-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Production and depth distribution of fine roots in a boreal open bog
Backéus, I. (1990) · Annales Botanici Fennici · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Rooting Patterns of Semi‐dwarf and Tall Winter Wheat Cultivars under Dryland Field Conditions1
Cholick, F. A., Welsh, J. R., & Cole, C. V. (1977) · Crop Science · doi:10.2135/cropsci1977.0011183x001700040040x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Ecology of Mycorrhizae
Pegler, D. N., & Allen, M. F. (1993) · Kew Bulletin · doi:10.2307/4110216 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Spatial and Temporal Fine‐Root Distribution in Three Louisiana Forest Soils
Farrish, K. W. (1991) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500060041x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
MODIFICATION OF SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND ROOT GROWTH RESPONSE
Bathke, G. R., Cassel, D. K., Hargrove, W. L., & Porter, P. M. (1992) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-199210000-00008 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Root systems of selected plant species in mesic mountain fynbos in the Jonkershoek Valley, south-western Cape Province
Higgins, K. B., Lamb, A. J., & van Wilgen, B. W. (1987) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/s0254-6299(16)31438-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Field Pea Crop in South Western Australia – Patterns of Water Use and Root Growth in Genotypes of Contrasting Morphology and Growth Habit
Armstrong, E., Pate, J., & Tennant, D. (1994) · Australian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1071/pp9940517 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Primary production and biomass on a Dutch salt marsh: emphasis on the below-ground component
Groenendijk, A. M., & Vink-Lievaart, M. A. (1987) · Vegetatio · doi:10.1007/bf00040754 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Vertical Root Distribution and Strontium Uptake of a Slash Pine Stand on a Florida Spodosol
Rees, K. C. J. V., & Comerford, N. B. (1986) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040041x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Aerial and Belowground Phytomass of Banksia Scrub-Heath at Eneabba, South-Western Australia
Low, A. B., & Lamont, B. B. (1990) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt9900351 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Root distribution and the cause of its spatial variability inPseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt.
Reynolds, E. R. C. (1970) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf01372886 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Nutrient Content of the Soil and Root System of a Dry Heath Ecosystem
Chapman, S. B. (1970) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.2307/2258282 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Vertical distribution of roots along a soil toposequence in the New Jersey Pinelands
Ehrenfeld, J. G., Kaldor, E., & Parmelee, R. W. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x92-252 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Root Distribution Under Some Forest Types Native to West Virginia
Kochenderfer, J. N. (1973) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1934355 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A tracer technique to measure growth and activity of plant root systems.
Hall, N. (1953) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Influences of root distribution and growth on predicted water uptake and interspecific competition
Franco, A. C., & Nobel, P. S. (1990) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00323528 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Forest hydrology in a karstic region of Southern Australia
Holmes, J. W., & Colville, J. S. (1970) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/0022-1694(70)90054-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
ROOT:SHOOT BIOMASS RATIOS IN SHRUBS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND CENTRAL CHILE
Miller, P. C., & Ng, E. (1977) · Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.16372303 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Root growth in a polar semidesert environment
Bell, K. L., & Bliss, L. C. (1978) · Canadian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1139/b78-299 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Distribution of Fine Roots in Three Pinus Radiata Plantations Near Canberra, Australia
Moir, W. H., & Bachelard, E. P. (1969) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1936255 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Root Distribution and Biomass in Three Ivory Coast Rain Forest Plots
Huttel, C. (1975) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-88533-4_10 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Biodiversity and Biosystematic Priorities: Microorganisms and Invertebrates
Hawksworth, D. L., Ritchie, J. M., & Ainsworth, A. M. (1993) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dark Island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). III. The root systems
Specht, R. L., & Rayson, P. (1957) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt9570103 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Root profiles of some native and exotic plant species in Southeastern Idaho
Reynolds, T. D., & Fraley, L. (1989) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/0098-8472(89)90056-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Distribution of Dry Matter Between Shoots and Roots of Irrigated and Nonirrigated Determinate Soybeans1
Huck, M. G., Peterson, C. M., Hoogenboom, G., & Busch, C. D. (1986) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800050013x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Distribution and Standing Crop of Living and Dead Roots in Three Wetland Carex Species
Bernard, J. M., & Fiala, K. (1986) · Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club · doi:10.2307/2996226 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
When is the structural root system determined in Sitka spruce?
Coutts, M. P., & Lewis, G. J. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6833-2_15 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Root biomass, root distribution and the fine-root growth dynamics of Quercus coccifera L. in the garrigue of southern France
Kummerow, J., Kummerow, M., & Trabaud, L. (1990) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/bf00045653 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

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Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, É. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B., Lehner, I., Orlowsky, B., & Teuling, A. J. (2010) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004 · Cited by 5,780 · see citing works
THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND ITS RELATION TO CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
Jobbagy, E. G., & Jackson, R. B. (2000) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0423:tvdoso]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 5,473 · see citing works
Self-citation
A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lavorel, S., Garnier, É., Díaz, S. M., Buchmann, N., Gurvich, D. E., Reich, P. B., ter Steege, H., Morgan, H. D., van der Heijden, M. G. A., et al. (2003) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt02124 · Cited by 4,081 · see citing works
The biomass distribution on Earth
Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115 · Cited by 3,723 · see citing works
“assumed the distribution of microbial biomass with depth follows the biomass density versus depth profile of root biomass (21).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model
Sitch, S., Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., Arneth, A., Bondeau, A., Crämer, W., Kaplan, J. O., Levis, S., Lucht, W., Sykes, M. T., et al. (2003) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x · Cited by 3,239 · see citing works
Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta‐analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control
Poorter, H., Niklas, K. J., Reich, P. B., Oleksyn, J., Poot, P., & Mommer, L. (2011) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03952.x · Cited by 3,190 · see citing works
Tree-Grass Interactions in Savannas
Scholes, R. J., & Archer, S. (1997) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.517 · Cited by 2,536 · see citing works
The Community Land Model Version 5: Description of New Features, Benchmarking, and Impact of Forcing Uncertainty
Lawrence, D. M., Fisher, R. A., Koven, C. D., Oleson, K. W., Swenson, S. C., Bonan, G. B., Collier, N., Ghimire, B., van Kampenhout, L., Kennedy, D., et al. (2019) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2018ms001583 · Cited by 2,075 · see citing works
The macromolecular organic composition of plant and microbial residues as inputs to soil organic matter
Kögel‐Knabner, I. (2002) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(01)00158-4 · Cited by 1,997 · see citing works
Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale
Canadell, J. G., Jackson, R. B., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H. A., Sala, O. E., & Schulze, E. (1996) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00329030 · Cited by 1,890 · see citing works
Self-citation
Deep soil organic matter—a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle
Rumpel, C., & Kögel-Knabner, I. (2011) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0391-5 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
Plant–soil feedbacks: the past, the present and future challenges
van der Putten, W. H., Bardgett, R. D., Bever, J. D., Bezemer, Т. M., Casper, B. B., Fukami, T., Kardol, P., Klironomos, J. N., Kulmatiski, A., Schweitzer, J. A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12054 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
The plastic plant: root responses to heterogeneous supplies of nutrients
Hodge, A. (2004) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01015.x · Cited by 1,692 · see citing works
Critical analysis of root : shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes
Mokany, K., Raison, R. J., & Prokushkin, A. S. (2005) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001043.x · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below‐ground/above‐ground allometries of plants in water‐limited ecosystems
Schenk, H. J., & Jackson, R. B. (2002) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00682.x · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
Self-citation
A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents
Jackson, R. B., Mooney, H. A., & Schulze, E. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.14.7362 · Cited by 1,480 · see citing works
Self-citation
Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes
De Deyn, G. B., Cornelissen, J. H. C., & Bardgett, R. D. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.x · Cited by 1,431 · see citing works
Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth
Fan, Y., Miguez‐Macho, G., Jobbagy, E. G., Jackson, R. B., & Otero-Casal, C. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1712381114 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Self-citation
Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems
GILL, R. A., & JACKSON, R. B. (2000) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
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Global patterns in belowground communities
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Authors: Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R., Mooney, H. A., Sala, O. E., & Schulze, E. D.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Stanford University (US)
University of Utah (US)
Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
University of Bayreuth (DE)
Corresponding author: Jackson, R. B.
ORCID: Jackson, R. B.
Canadell, J.
Ehleringer, J. R.
Mooney, H. A.
Sala, O. E.
Schulze, E. D.
Venue: Oecologia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 108
Issue: 3
Pages: 389-411
ISSN: 0029-8549 (ISSN-L)
1432-1939
DOI: 10.1007/bf00333714
OpenAlex: W2151303612
Cited by: 3,071
References: 260
Citations by year: 2026: 146 · 2025: 147 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 183 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 155 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 122 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 140 · 2012: 136
FWCI: 5.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Oecologia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Forest ecology and management
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
Keywords: root distribution, root depth, terrestrial biomes, root biomass, root-shoot ratio, plant functional groups, soil carbon storage, carbon and water fluxes, tundra, boreal forest, temperate grassland, tropical evergreen forest, desert, cropland, Poaceae, shrubs, trees

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A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes

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