Pervasive assistive technology for people with dementia: a UCD case
Open accessAbstract
Smart mobile and wearable technology offers exciting opportunities to support people with dementia (PwD). Its ubiquity and popularity could even benefit user adoption – a great challenge for assistive technology (AT) for PwD that calls for user‐centred design (UCD) methods. This study describes a user‐centred approach to developing and testing AT based on off‐the‐shelf pervasive technologies. A prototype is created by combining a smartphone, smartwatch and various applications to offer six support features. This is tested among five end‐users (PwD) and their caregivers. Controlled usability testing was followed by field testing in a real‐world context. Data is gathered from video recordings, interaction logs, system usability scale questionnaires, logbooks, application usage logs and interviews structured on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model. The data is analysed to evaluate usability, usefulness and user acceptance. Results show some promise for user adoption, but highlight challenges to be overcome, emphasising personalisation and familiarity as key considerations. The complete findings regarding usability issues, usefulness of support features and four identified adoption profiles are used to provide a set of recommendations for practitioners and further research. These contribute toward UCD practices for improved smart, pervasive AT for dementia.
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In eleven studies, the IAT was accepted but not used in the following implementation period, resulting in poor adherence.
“In eleven studies, the IAT was accepted but not used in the following implementation period, therefore resulting in poor adherence [24, 29, 34–38, 41, 44, 46, 47].”
From Acceptance and use of innovative assistive technologies among people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
Some studies indicated the need for transparent and easy-to-understand information feedback for increasing the perceived efficiency of the technology and the need for a personalized fit between the technology and preferences of the participants.
“Some studies [46, 47] also indicated the need for transparent and easy-to-understand information feedback for increasing the perceived efficiency of the technology and the need for a personalized fit between the technology and preferences of the participants [36].”
From Acceptance and use of innovative assistive technologies among people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
Other issues affecting adherence were the need for further development of the technology and that more time was necessary for users to learn how to use IAT.
“Other issues affecting adherence were the needs for further development of the technology [29] and that more time was necessary for the users to learn how to use IAT in order to make adherence successful [29, 34, 44, 46].”
From Acceptance and use of innovative assistive technologies among people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
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Cites
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Klímová, B. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68557-1_4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“ studies concentrating on the adoption and usability of these devices by patients with dementia; [6, 8-11] descriptive studies depicting the development of potential mobile phone/ smartphone apps for patients with dementia; [12-13] studies exploring the role of these mobile devices for the assessment and diagnost…”
InfluentialCiccone, N. W., Patou, F., Komashie, A., Lamé, G., Clarkson, P. J., & Maier, A. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the Design Society DESIGN Conference · doi:10.1017/dsd.2020.24 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…service development methodologies included user-centred design for adapting smart wearables to the needs of seniors with mild cognitive impairment and the development and testing of pervasive assistive technology solutions created by combining off-the-shelf smart technology (Thorpe et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIDENTIFYING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: HORIZON SCANNING IN THE EARLY STAGES OF DESIGN
Ernstsen, S. K., Thuesen, C., Larsen, L. R., & Maier, A. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the ... International Design Conference/Design ... · doi:10.21278/idc.2018.0105 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This is coherent with a typical usercentred design process (as seen in e.g. Thorpe et al., 2016).”
MethodSelf-citationFROM EVIDENCE TO IMPLEMENTATION: HOW SYSTEMS DESIGN CAN FORESEE COMPLEX HEALTHCARE INTERVENTIONS
Feldman, A., Patou, F., & Maier, A. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the Design Society DESIGN Conference · doi:10.1017/dsd.2020.135 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Using the momentum that comes from previous literature and large-scale reports (Lin and Albert, 2014; Thorpe et al., 2016; Livingston et al., 2017) and clinical evidence demonstrating a significant association between the intervention method and related health outcomes (1, 2), we could imagine…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEpistemic Complementarity: Steps to a Second Wave Extended Epistemology
Andrada, G. (2021) · Studies in brain and mind · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72644-7_12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“Additionally, one study concluded that reminders are considered quite useful (Thorpe et al., 2016).”
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“While modest evidence supports the use of assistive technology for memory support [10], task prompting [12], safety monitoring [9], and promoting social participation [11], assistive technology is rarely implemented in practice [14].”
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Driving Change in Complex Social Systems: How to Design Healthcare Pathways
Feldman, A., Patou, F., & Maier, A. M. (2022) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2022.128
“An approach based on emerging knowledge and new technology may help promote prevention and improve health outcomes (Thorpe et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWei, Y., Ratcliffe, J., Liu, W., & Aarsland, D. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.72082
Design of Smart Wearable Leg Devices for Older Adults Based on TPG Inclusive Design Principles
Pan, X., & Wu, C. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92710-2_21
Tapping into the Future – Touchscreen Technology for People with Dementia: A Scoping Review
Link, K., Brooke, J. M., Rice, I., & Sarcar, S. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2587243
“Familiarity with both hardware and software were seen as essential (Thorpe et al., 2016), yet technical issues often led to frustration, quickly undermining trust in the technology (Pigliautile et al., 2023).”
InfluentialDsouza, S. A., Bangera, K., Acharya, V., & Guddattu, V. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-06985-y
Co-designing a Smart Mirror to Support People Living with Dementia and Their Carers
Gabrieli, G., Berry, D., Doyle, J., Kambampati, H., Murphy, E., Turner, J. E., & O’Sullivan, D. M. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29653-5_3
- Authors
- Thorpe, J. R., R⊘nn‐Andersen, K. V. H., Bień, P., Özkil, A. G., Forchhammer, B. H., & Maier, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- Glostrup Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Thorpe, Julia Rosemary
- Venue
- Healthcare Technology Letters
- Published
- 2016-11-02
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 297-302
- ISSN
- 2053-3713 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5168821
- OpenAlex
- W2547776275
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 18.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Healthcare Technology Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Rigshospitalet
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Keywords
- dementia, assistive technology, user-centered design, pervasive technologies, wearable devices, smartphones, smartwatches, caregiver support, user adoption, technology acceptance, personalization, usability, field testing
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