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Fault-tolerant permanent magnet machinedrives
Abstract
The paper examines the use of permanent magnet machine drives in high performance, safety-critical applications. Likely fault modes are identified and machine designs are developed for fault-tolerant operation, without severely compromising the drive performance. Fault tolerance is achieved by adopting a modular approach to the drive, with each phase electrically, magnetically, thermally and physically independent of all others. Power converter requirements are discussed and methods for controlling a faulted phase developed to minimise the impact of a machine or power converter fault.
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This concept appeared in mid-1990s and since then intensive research has been carried out on design aspects of PMFT machines.
“This concept appeared in the mid-1990s [311] and since then intensive research has been carried out on such design aspects of PMFT machines, such as:”
From Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control of PMSM Drives–State of the Art and Future Challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [311]
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Fault detection and management system for fault-tolerant switched reluctance motor drives
Stephens, C. M. (1991) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/28.108460 · Cited by 116
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Richter, Proceedings of the ICEM 1990
- Jack, Proceedings of the ICEM 1994, 1, 91
- Craig, 1993, EPE Conference'93, 4, 466
- Mecrow, 1995, IEE 7th international conference on, 433
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Sorted by citations
Multiphase Electric Machines for Variable-Speed Applications
LEVI, E. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2008.918488 · Cited by 2,162
Multiphase induction motor drives – a technology status review
LEVI, E., Bojoi, R. I., Profumo, F., Toliyat, H. A., & Williamson, S. (2007) · IET Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/iet-epa:20060342 · Cited by 1,620
EL-Refaie, A. M. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2009.2030211 · Cited by 1,378
“In [ 77 ], Mecrow et al. examined the use of PM machine drives in high-performance safety-critical applications.”
BackgroundOverview of Electric Motor Technologies Used for More Electric Aircraft (MEA)
Cao, W., Mecrow, B. C., Atkinson, G. J., Bennett, J. W., & Atkinson, D. J. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2011.2165453 · Cited by 1,028
“To improve fault tolerance, it would be ideal to have a multiple of independent single-phase drives [19], [44], [47],”
BackgroundSelf-citationRotor loss in permanent-magnet brushless AC machines
Stone, D. A., Mellor, P., Howe, D., & Atallah, K. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/28.887213 · Cited by 345
“and thermally isolated, its fault tolerance is significantly higher than that of conventional brushless machine designs, a major consideration for safety-critical applications [ 7 ], [8].”
BackgroundFault-Tolerant Interior-Permanent-Magnet Machines for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications
Parsa, L., & Toliyat, H. A. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2007.896978 · Cited by 317
Rotor loss in permanent magnet brushless AC machines
Atallah, K., Howe, D., Mellor, P., & Stone, D. A. (2003) · IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC) · doi:10.1109/iemdc.1999.769027 · Cited by 308
“Analytical techniques [2][3] have been developed, which can account for skin effect but cannot model the effect of circumferentially segmenting the permanent magnets, which can be an effective method of reducing the eddy current loss [ 4 ].”
MethodOn advantages of multi-phase machines
Parsa, L. (2005) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon.2005.1569139 · Cited by 298
“In [ 25- 27 ], A multi-phase drive was designed in which each phase was considered as a single module.”
BackgroundFault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control of PMSM Drives–State of the Art and Future Challenges
Orlowska-Kowalska, T., Wolkiewicz, M., Pietrzak, P., Skowron, M., Ewert, P., Tarchala, G., Krzysztofiak, M., & Kowalski, C. T. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3180153 · Cited by 328
“This concept appeared in the mid-1990s [311] and since then intensive research has been carried out on such design aspects of PMFT machines, such as:”
BackgroundFault-Tolerant Control of Five-Phase Permanent-Magnet Motors With Trapezoidal Back EMF
Dwari, S., & Parsa, L. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2010.2045322 · Cited by 289
“requires additional hardware or electrically isolated phases [12]–[17].”
BackgroundAdvanced High-Power-Density Interior Permanent Magnet Motor for Traction Applications
EL-Refaie, A. M., Alexander, J. P., Galioto, S. J., Reddy, P. B., Huh, K., de Bock, P., & Shen, X. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2014.2305804 · Cited by 285
Reddy, P. B., EL-Refaie, A. M., Huh, K., Tangudu, J. K., & Jahns, T. M. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/tec.2012.2195316 · Cited by 253
“IPM MACHINE The use of segmented stator structures equipped with fractional-slot concentrated windings (FSCW) have numerous well-established advantages associated with this type of windings including high slot fill factor, short end turns, and high efficiency and power density [2-7].”
Design and Testing of a Four-Phase Fault-Tolerant Permanent-Magnet Machine for an Engine Fuel Pump
Mecrow, B. C., Jack, A. G., Atkinson, D. J., Green, S. R., Atkinson, G. J., King, A., & Green, B. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/tec.2004.832074 · Cited by 252
“An earlier work [8] described a six-phase demonstrator which uses a similar modular design philosophy, how it detects faults [9], and how it continues to operate in the presence of open-”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn Optimal Control Technique for Multiphase PM Machines Under Open-Circuit Faults
Dwari, S., & Parsa, L. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2008.920643 · Cited by 244
Comparison of PM brushless motors, having either all teeth or alternate teeth wound
Ishak, D., Zhu, Z. Q., & Howe, D. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/tec.2005.853765 · Cited by 231
Global Fault-Tolerant Control Technique for Multiphase Permanent-Magnet Machines
Mohammadpour, A., & Parsa, L. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2014.2326084 · Cited by 216
Jiang, X., Huang, W., Cao, R., Hao, Z., & Jiang, W. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2015.2454483 · Cited by 210
“Mecrow has proposed nonbackup fault-tolerant PM motors with six-phase eight-pole and four-phase six-pole and completed their fault identification and fault-tolerant control by looking up the table of flux linkage–current–rotor position for aerospace applications [8], [18], [19].”
BackgroundMohammadpour, A., Sadeghi, S., & Parsa, L. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2013.2247011 · Cited by 210
“the machines can still continue operations using the remaining healthy phases without additional hardware [10], [16]–[24].”
BackgroundFault-tolerant permanent magnet machines: a review
EL-Refaie, A. M. (2011) · IET Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0117 · Cited by 208
High Reliability Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drive for Aircraft Application
Villani, M., Tursini, M., Fabri, G., & Castellini, L. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2011.2160514 · Cited by 204
“formance, and better torque-to-current ratio [12], [13], last feature being particularly suited when the motor must be overrated to sustain the lack of one or more phases, whereas the stator winding short circuit current (fed by the rotor magnet back-EMF) can be limited by a proper design of the leakage inductance [8]…”
BackgroundMultiphase Power Converter Drive for Fault-Tolerant Machine Development in Aerospace Applications
Lillo, L. D., Empringham, L., Wheeler, P. W., Khwan-on, S., Gerada, C., Othman, M., & Huang, X. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2009.2036026 · Cited by 201
“From the machine point of view and particularly the design of fault-tolerant machines, [8]–[11] are representative of the work done in this field.”
BackgroundPermanent-Magnet Brushless Machines With Unequal Tooth Widths and Similar Slot and Pole Numbers
Ishak, D., Zhu, Z. Q., & Howe, D. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2005.844380 · Cited by 195
“Further, developments for safety critical applications, such as flight control surface actuation in ‘moreelectric’ aircraft, have resulted in machines with a high degree of fault tolerance [3, 4, 5].”
BackgroundNguyen, N. K., Meinguet, F., Semail, E., & Kestelyn, X. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2386299 · Cited by 193
“Fault tolerance can be applied to the inverter [2]–[9] and/or to the electric machine [10]–[13].”
BackgroundOptimal torque control of fault-tolerant permanent magnet brushless machines
Wang, J., Atallah, K., & Howe, D. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2003.816707 · Cited by 162
Chen, J. T., & Zhu, Z. Q. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2010.2049812 · Cited by 162
Fault-Tolerant In-Wheel Motor Topologies for High-Performance Electric Vehicles
Ifedi, C. J., Mecrow, B. C., Brockway, S. T. M., Boast, G. S., Atkinson, G. J., & Kostic-Perovic, D. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2013.2252131 · Cited by 158
“Mounting the EV drive train in the wheel of the vehicle has received significant interest due to the following advantages: • It releases vehicle space for passengers cabin, traction batteries etc. • The torque at each wheel can be independently controlled, giving true 4 wheel drive.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMohammadpour, A., & Parsa, L. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2012.2223717 · Cited by 157
“In five-phase machines, when faults occur in one or more of the phases, the machines can still continue operation using the remaining healthy phases without additional hardware [7]–[14].”
BackgroundEde, J. D., Atallah, K., Jewell, G. W., Wang, J., & Howe, D. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2007.904397 · Cited by 148
Operation of fault tolerant machines with winding failures
Haylock, J. A., Mecrow, B. C., Jack, A. G., & Atkinson, D. J. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/60.815095 · Cited by 148
Self-citationTorque-ripple minimization in modular permanent-magnet brushless machines
Atallah, K., Wang, J., & Howe, D. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2003.818986 · Cited by 147
“The controller must immediately short the terminals via the power converter in order to bring the current in the shorted turns back to the level of the short-circuit current at the terminals, upon the detection of the shorted turn fault [ 15 ].”
BackgroundStrategies of fault tolerant operation for three-level PWM inverters
Li, S., & Xu, L. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2006.876867 · Cited by 147
“The principle of phase redundancy is also extended to the electric machine design by Mecrow [2] and Nabae [3], where fault tolerant permanent magnet machine drive schemes, including phase redundancy in PM motor design and interaction of solid state converter failure with motors, are examined.”
BackgroundThe Analysis of Losses in High-Power Fault-Tolerant Machines for Aerospace Applications
Atkinson, G. J., Mecrow, B. C., Jack, A. G., Atkinson, D. J., Sangha, P., & Benarous, M. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2006.880869 · Cited by 145
Self-citationYepes, A. G., López, Ó., González‐Prieto, I., Duran, M. J., & Doval‐Gandoy, J. (2022) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines10030208 · Cited by 130
Analytical Prediction of the Short-Circuit Current in Fault-Tolerant Permanent-Magnet Machines
Sun, Z., Wang, J., Howe, D., & Jewell, G. W. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2008.2005019 · Cited by 121
“1 are magnetically well isolated from each other [2], [8], the mutual coupling between the phases can be neglected.”
BackgroundEnhanced Optimal Torque Control of Fault-Tolerant PM Machine Under Flux-Weakening Operation
Sun, Z., Wang, J., Jewell, G. W., & Howe, D. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2009.2029517 · Cited by 120
“Extensive research work has been performed to analyze and optimize the design of this type of machines for various applications [9]–[11].”
BackgroundA Modular Permanent-Magnet Flux-Switching Linear Machine With Fault-Tolerant Capability
Jin, M., Wang, C., Shen, J., & Xia, B. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2009.2020090 · Cited by 116
“Thus, its fault tolerance is extraordinarily improved, which is a major consideration for safety-critical applications [9]–[12].”
BackgroundA Review of More-Electric Aircraft
AbdElhafez, A., & Forsyth, A. J. (2009) · International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology · doi:10.21608/asat.2009.23726 · Cited by 113
“Induction, switched reluctance, and permanent magnet machine types [25-45] have been considered for application in MEA due to their rugged features.”
BackgroundAlternate Poles Wound Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Brushless AC Machines
Owen, R. L., Zhu, Z. Q., Thomas, A. S., Jewell, G. W., & Howe, D. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2009.2039913 · Cited by 112
“…the coupling between phases and increase the potential to fulfill the requirements for a machine to be fault tolerant as described in [22] and [23], which include the need for each phase winding to be physically, magnetically, electrically, and thermally isolated from the remaining phases,…”
BackgroundWinding Inductances of Fractional Slot Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines
EL-Refaie, A. M., Zhu, Z. Q., Jahns, T. M., & Howe, D. (2008) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/08ias.2008.61 · Cited by 112
“As a result, each phase is essentially magnetically isolated, which makes such machines eminently suitable for fault-tolerant, safety-critical applications [8,9].”
BackgroundMcFarland, J. D., & Jahns, T. M. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2013.2294997 · Cited by 105
Electrical generation and distribution for the more electric aircraft
Avery, C. R., Burrow, S. G., & Mellor, P. (2007) · International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) · doi:10.1109/upec.2007.4469088 · Cited by 102
“Achievable power densities are high [22, 23], and maximum torque is available from zero speed.”
BackgroundOperation of a fault tolerant PM drive for an aerospace fuel pump application
Haylock, J. A. (1997) · doi:10.1049/cp:19971053 · Cited by 102
Self-citationFault tolerant motor drive system with redundancy for critical applications
Ertuğrul, N., Soong, W. L., Dostal, G., & Saxon, D. (2003) · IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC) · doi:10.1109/psec.2002.1022381 · Cited by 100
“The first fault-tolerant motor drives were reported in [1,2, 3 ].”
BackgroundBaudart, F., Dehez, B., Matagne, E., Telteu-Nedelcu, D., Alexandre, P., & Labrique, F. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2011.2170393 · Cited by 98
“Reference [4] gives a ratio of mutual inductance to self-inductance of −3.”
BackgroundControl Strategies for Open-End Winding Drives Operating in the Flux-Weakening Region
Sandulescu, P., Meinguet, F., Kestelyn, X., Semail, E., & Bruyère, A. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2013.2283107 · Cited by 98
“Early works focused generally on fault-tolerant capability [1], [2].”
BackgroundFault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Motor Drive Topologies for Automotive X-By-Wire Systems
Naidu, M., Gopalakrishnan, S., & Nehl, T. W. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2009.2039982 · Cited by 97
“Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2009.2039982 A number of motor and inverter configurations with differing degrees of fault-tolerant capability for industrial and aviation applications have appeared in the literature [6]–[13].”
InfluentialOperation of a fault tolerant PM drivefor an aerospace fuel pump application
Haylock, J. A., Mecrow, B. C., Jack, A. G., & Atkinson, D. J. (1998) · IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-epa:19982164 · Cited by 95
Self-citationMulti-phase fault-tolerant brushless DC motor drives
Gopalarathnam, T., Toliyat, H. A., & Moreira, J. C. (2002) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias.2000.882107 · Cited by 91
Favourable slot and pole number combinations for fault-tolerant PM machines
Mitcham, A. J., Antonopoulos, G., & Cullen, J. J. A. (2004) · IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-epa:20040584 · Cited by 87
A Fault-Tolerant Machine Drive Based on Permanent Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine
Wang, B., Wang, J., Sen, B., Griffo, A., Sun, Z., & Chong, E. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2017.2781201 · Cited by 86
Investigation of a Novel Five-Phase Modular Permanent-Magnet In-Wheel Motor
Zheng, P., Sui, Y., Zhao, J., Tong, C., Lipo, T. A., & Wang, A. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2011.2150207 · Cited by 80
Overview of permanent-magnet fault-tolerant machines: Topology and design
Zhao, W., Xu, L. H., & Liu, G. (2018) · CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems · doi:10.23919/tems.2018.8326451 · Cited by 78
“In order to achieve this target, particular design aspects on the PMFT machines should be considered as follows: Electrical isolation between phases Magnetic isolation between phases Implicit limiting of short-circuit current Physical separation of phases Effective thermal isolation between phases Number o…”
BackgroundJia, Y., & Rajashekara, K. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2017.2650862 · Cited by 76
Analysis of a Dual-Winding Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Machine Drive for Aerospace Applications
Jiang, X., Huang, W., Cao, R., Hao, Z., Li, J., & Jiang, W. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2015.2457775 · Cited by 70
Zheng, P., Wu, F., Lei, Y., Sui, Y., & Yu, B. (2013) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en6104980 · Cited by 70
Shah, M. R., & EL-Refaie, A. M. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2009.2013599 · Cited by 70
“It has also been shown that using FSPCW along with a higher number of phases helps in making an SPM machine more fault tolerant [10].”
MethodExperimental Assessments of a Triple Redundant Nine-Phase Fault-Tolerant PMA SynRM Drive
Wang, B., Wang, J., Griffo, A., & Sen, B. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2784368 · Cited by 70
“In order to accommodate interturn short-circuit fault in machines, fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) machine [10] and switched flux PM machine [11] have been modified by adopting a special design in the slot geometry to increase the self-inductance.”
Comparison of Fault-Tolerant Operations for Permanent-Magnet Hybrid Brushless Motor Drive
Liu, C., Chau, K. T., & Li, W. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2010.2042928 · Cited by 69
EL-Refaie, A. M., Shah, M. R., Qu, R., & Kern, J. M. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2008.2002207 · Cited by 68
“It has also been shown that using FSPCWs along with a higher number of phases could make an SPM machine more fault tolerant [4].”
MethodOverview of advanced control strategies for electric machines
Liu, C., & Luo, Y. (2017) · Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering · doi:10.23919/cjee.2017.8048412 · Cited by 66
Effect of optimal torque control on rotor loss of fault-tolerant permanent-magnet brushless machines
Ede, J. D., Atallah, K., Wang, J., & Howe, D. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2002.802294 · Cited by 65
“Thus, their fault-tolerance is significantly higher, a major consideration for safety-critical aerospace applications, such as fuel pumps [1] and flight control surface actuators [2], as well as applications in other sectors.”
BackgroundHigh-Power-Density Fault-Tolerant PM Generator for Safety-Critical Applications
EL-Refaie, A. M., Shah, M. R., & Huh, K. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2013.2282852 · Cited by 64
Analysis of Fault Tolerant Control for a Nine-Phase Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine
Li, F., Hua, W., Cheng, M., & Zhang, G. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2014.2325060 · Cited by 62
“FLUX-SWITCHING permanent magnet (FSPM) machines have received extensive attentions recently because of their inherent fault tolerant capability as well as some other remarkable advantages, including essentially sinusoidal phase electromotive force (EMF), high power density, and high efficiency [1]–[3].”
BackgroundSensorless operation of a fault tolerant PM drive
Green, S. R., Atkinson, D. J., Jack, A. G., Mecrow, B. C., & King, A. (2003) · IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-epa:20030153 · Cited by 61
Self-citationMagnetic Loading of Fractional-Slot Three-Phase PM Motors With Nonoverlapped Coils
Bianchi, N., Bolognani, S., & Pré, M. D. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2008.2002205 · Cited by 61
HF-Based Sensorless Control of a FTPMM in Ship Shaftless Rim-Driven Thruster System
Bai, H., Yu, B., Ouyang, W., Yan, X., & Zhu, J. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3143208 · Cited by 59
“The fault-tolerant permanent magnet motor (FTPMM) incorporates the merits of the PMSM and SRM and has becoming a challenging candidate in the RDT system [8].”
BackgroundFernando, W. U. N., Barnes, M., & Marjanović, O. (2011) · IET Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0280 · Cited by 57
A Prototype Electrical Actuator for Aircraft Flaps
Bennett, J. W., Mecrow, B. C., Jack, A. G., & Atkinson, D. J. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2010.2046278 · Cited by 57
Self-citationRovere, L., Formentini, A., Calzo, G. L., Zanchetta, P., & Cox, T. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2019.2907073 · Cited by 57
“Furthermore, the dual-fed (DF) OEW topology allows for increased fault-tolerant capability [2], [3], reduction of the dc-link voltage by half and redundant space-vector combinations.”
BackgroundSpace-Vector PWM Control Synthesis for an H-Bridge Drive in Electric Vehicles
Kolli, A., Béthoux, O., Bernardinis, A. D., Labouré, É., & Coquery, G. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2013.2246202 · Cited by 56
Abolhassani, M. T. (2005) · IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC) · doi:10.1109/iemdc.2005.195803 · Cited by 56
Design Considerations of Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine
Zhao, W., Du, K., & Xu, L. H. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2019.2942571 · Cited by 51
“[20] first proposed the concept of PM fault-tolerant machine in [20].”
BackgroundThe design of fault tolerant machines for aerospace applications
Atkinson, G. J., Mecrow, B. C., Jack, A. G., Atkinson, D. J., Sangha, P., & Benarous, M. (2005) · IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC) · doi:10.1109/iemdc.2005.195974 · Cited by 50
“Previous research by a variety of authors [1-8] has been carried out on the concepts, development, building and testing of fault tolerant drives.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrieto, B., Martinez-Iturralde, M., Fontán, L., & Elósegui, I. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2362094 · Cited by 50
“This fact is exploited in fault-tolerant machines, where the mutual coupling between phases should be as small as possible [3].”
BackgroundPerformance Evaluation of a Vector Control Fault-Tolerant Flux-Switching Motor Drive
Aboelhassan, M. O. E., Raminosoa, T., Goodman, A., Lillo, L. D., & Gerada, C. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2012.2200221 · Cited by 49
“This usually requires isolation (thermally, electrically, magnetically, and physically) from each component to avoid failure propagation [3].”
BackgroundZhao, W., Cheng, M., Chau, K. T., & Chan, C. C. (2012) · IET Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/iet-epa.2011.0144 · Cited by 48
Detecting rotor faults in permanent magnet synchronous machines
le Roux, W., Harley, R. G., & Habetler, T. G. (2003) · IEEE International Symposium on Diagnostics for Electrical Machines, Power Electronics and Drives (SDEMPED) · doi:10.1109/demped.2003.1234573 · Cited by 48
Multi-phase fault tolerant drives for aircraft applications
Villani, M., Tursini, M., Fabri, G., & Castellini, L. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC) · doi:10.1109/esars.2010.5665246 · Cited by 47
“Common faults involving power converter can be reassumed as follow [16]:”
BackgroundFault tolerant generator systems for wind turbines
Polinder, H., Lendenmann, H., Chin, R., & Arshad, W. M. (2009) · IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC) · doi:10.1109/iemdc.2009.5075278 · Cited by 47
Dusek, J., Arumugam, P., Brunson, C., Amankwah, E. K., Hamiti, T., & Gerada, C. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2015.2500894 · Cited by 47
“adding redundancy and its associated weight, volume, and cost [8]–[10], such as the following: 1) use of the concentrated single layer windings, which allow the phase windings to be separated physically and magnetically, as shown in Fig.”
BackgroundGuo, H. H., He, X., Xu, J., Tian, W., Sun, G., Ju, L., & Li, D. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2022.3172339 · Cited by 47
Fault tolerant permanent magnet motor drives for electric vehicles
Abolhassani, M. T., & Toliyat, H. A. (2009) · IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC) · doi:10.1109/iemdc.2009.5075348 · Cited by 46
“Following these studies, a number of research reports were published, which provided some comparative studies, investigated the effects of the numbers of phases [ 3-4 ,16], explored the fault detection methods in switched reluctance motor drives [5], and studied the fault-tolerant power electronic circuit topology to…”
Multilayer control of an induction motor drive:A strategic step for automotive applications
Wang, H., Pekarek, S. D., & Fahimi, B. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2006.872370 · Cited by 46
“In [ 2 ], the design of a permanent magnet (PM) machine-based drive was considered subject to achieving the best possible performance in cases of winding open- and short-circuit, semiconductor device open- and short-circuit, and dc-link capacitor failure.”
BackgroundThermal analysis of fault‐tolerant electrical machines for aerospace actuators
Madonna, V., Giangrande, P., Gerada, C., & Galea, M. (2018) · IET Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/iet-epa.2018.5153 · Cited by 46
“In PMSMs, a suitable fault-tolerance level is achieved when the following constraints are met [11, 12]: a.”
BackgroundJiang, Y., Zhang, Z., Jiang, W., Geng, W., & Huang, J. (2018) · IET Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0754 · Cited by 45
“Shorting phase terminals can be easily implemented via electronic devices [18, 19].”
BackgroundAdvanced high power-density interior permanent magnet motor for traction applications
EL-Refaie, A. M., Alexander, J. P., Galioto, S. J., Reddy, P. B., Huh, K., de Bock, P., & Shen, X. (2013) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2013.6646754 · Cited by 45
“It has also been shown that using FSCW along with a higher number of phases helps make an SPM machine more fault-tolerant [7].”
MethodGuo, H. H., Xu, J., & Kuang, X. (2015) · Chinese Journal of Aeronautics · doi:10.1016/j.cja.2015.01.008 · Cited by 44
“(5) Fifth fault: there is five-phase windings of the FTPMSM with fault, including the open-circuit fault and the short-circuit fault.”
BackgroundImplications of shorted turn faults in bar wound PM machines
Mitcham, A. J., Antonopoulos, G., & Cullen, J. J. A. (2004) · IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-epa:20040686 · Cited by 43
Modularity techniques in high performance permanent magnet machines and applications
Zhu, Z. Q., & Li, Y. (2018) · CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems · doi:10.23919/tems.2018.8326455 · Cited by 43
Power Generation and Distribution System for a More Electric Aircraft - A Review
AbdElHafez, A. A. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/37290 · Cited by 40
“The number of magnetic poles in the machine being similar to the stator slot number; each phase winding can be placed in a single slot, which is thermally isolated from the other phases (AbdElhafez, 2008; Adefajo, 2008; Jones & Drager, 1997;Mecrow et al., 1996; Mitcham & Cullenm, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialImpact of the Rotor Yoke Geometry on Rotor Losses in Permanent-Magnet Machines
Alberti, L., Fornasiero, E., & Bianchi, N. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2011.2175680 · Cited by 40
“This type of machine exhibits many advantages such as short end windings, high slot fill factor, high efficiency and power density, and good flux-weakening and fault-tolerance capabilities [1], [2].”
BackgroundChu, W. Q., & Zhu, Z. Q. (2011) · IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC) · doi:10.1109/iemdc.2011.5994785 · Cited by 40
“Research on the short-circuit failure has a long history [3][16].”
BackgroundStator-Slot/Rotor-Pole Pair Combinations of Flux-Reversal Permanent Magnet Machine
Zhu, X., & Hua, W. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2018.2878113 · Cited by 39
“Normally, to develop a machine drive system with strong fault-tolerant capability, the following requirements (from machine side) are necessary: 1) complete electromagnetic isolation between phases; 2) implicit limiting of fault currents; 3) effective thermal isolation between phases; 4) physical isolation between pha…”
BackgroundMultipolar SPM Machines for Direct-Drive Application: A General Design Approach
Boazzo, B., Pellegrino, G., & Vagati, A. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2013.2271291 · Cited by 39
“Over the last decade, a lot of effort has been devoted to the investigation of fractional slots per pole per phase combinations and concentrated windings, for their better fault tolerance, ease of manufacturing, short end connections and high copper filling factor [2-10].”
Fault-tolerant operation of an open-end winding five-phase PMSM drive with inverter faults
Meinguet, F., Nguyen, N. K., Sandulescu, P., Kestelyn, X., & Semail, E. (2013) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon.2013.6699978 · Cited by 38
“Fault tolerance can be applied to the inverter [2-6] and/or to the electric machine [7-10].”
BackgroundTurn–turn short circuit fault management in permanent magnet machines
Arumugam, P., Hamiti, T., & Gerada, C. (2015) · IET Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/iet-epa.2015.0020 · Cited by 38
“The proposed methods can be categorized into following groups: 1) phase/machine terminals shorting [27, 28] 2) phase/machine terminal shorting whilst adopting vertical winding [17]”
MethodA Multi-Tooth Fault-Tolerant Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Machine With Twisted-Rotor
Wang, Y., & Deng, Z. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2012.2198921 · Cited by 38
A 50kW integrated fault tolerant permanent magnet machine and motor drive
Wolmarans, J. J., Gerber, M., Polinder, H., de Haan, S. W. H., Ferreira, J. A., & Clarenbach, D. (2008) · IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC) · doi:10.1109/pesc.2008.4591953 · Cited by 38
“The factor by which the machine needs to be overrated to allow for a faulted phase is calculated as follows [ 7 ]:”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCurrent Vector Control Strategy in a Dual-Winding Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Motor Drive
Zhu, J., Bai, H., Wang, X., & Li, X. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/tec.2018.2876512 · Cited by 37
“The FTPMM drive was comparatively early proposed by Newcastle University of Britain in paper [1].”
Design of Fault-Tolerant Dual Three-Phase Winding PMSM for Helicopter Landing Gear EMA
Giangrande, P., Madonna, V., Nuzzo, S., & Galea, M. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC) · doi:10.1109/esars-itec.2018.8607684 · Cited by 37
“Among the fault-tolerance PMSMs proposed in literature [8-10], those with two separate three-phase windings (also known as dual three-phase winding PMSMs) represent an attractive choice, due to the good compromise between fault-tolerance capability and standard PEC adoption [11-13].”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Mecrow, B. C., Jack, A. G., Haylock, J. A., & Coles, J.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- LucasVarity, Strategic Planning, Advanced Vehicle Systems Development
- Venue
- IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications
- Published
- 1996-11-11
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 437-442
- ISSN
- 1350-2352 (ISSN-L)
- 1359-7043
- OpenAlex
- W2132033583
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Motor Design and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Sensorless Control of Electric Motors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Power Systems and Control
- Keywords
- fault-tolerant drives, permanent magnet machines, electric machine drives, fault modes, modular machine design, power converters, safety-critical applications
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