Geometry-driven and dark-matter-sustained Milky Way rotation curves with Gaia DR3
Open accessAbstract
Thanks to Gaia DR2, we proved for the first time that a general relativistic Milky Way rotation curve is statistically indistinguishable from its state-of-the-art dark matter analogue. Those results supported the ansatz that gravitational dragging can explain the observed flatness of the Milky Way rotation curve with a consistent radial matter density profile. To challenge again such a scenario, we select 719 143 young disc stars within |z| < 1 kpc and up to R ≃ 19 kpc from Gaia DR3 providing a much larger sample of high-quality astrometric and spectrophotometric data of unprecedented homogeneity. This sample comprises 241 918 OBA stars, 475 520 RGB giants, and 1705 Cepheides that we use to fit, as with DR2, both a classical velocity profile model, i.e. with a dark matter halo, and a general relativistic analogue derived from a dust disc-scale metric. Once more, further corroborating our earlier findings, both models are found to explain, with similar statistical quality, the new observed rotational velocities derived from different combinations of the selected sets of stars belonging to the disc of our Galaxy. The geometrical effect is found to drive the velocity profile from 10 kpc outwards, while being responsible for ∼30–37 per cent of this profile already at the Sun distance, similarly to the halo contribution in the classical model. This confirms our previous results on the contribution of Einstein’s geometry and pushes to further investigate the role of General Relativity in tracing the Milky Way rotation curve; notably, the origin of this gravitational dragging remains undetermined, necessitating a dedicated in-depth exploration.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Beordo et al. (2024) compared MOND, dark-matter halo, and general-relativistic models with Gaia-based data limited to R ≲ 19 kpc and found them statistically comparable over that interval.
“Beordo et al. (2024) compared MOND, dark-matter halo, and general-relativistic models with Gaia-based data limited to R ≲ 19 kpc and found them statistically comparable over that interval.”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Beordo et al. (2024)
The Abstract reports Gaia DR3 data extending to about 19 kpc and says the dark-matter-halo and general-relativistic models explain the observed rotational velocities with similar statistical quality. The Conclusions likewise say both models explain the observations equivalently. The paper compares those two models, not MOND, so it does not support the claimed three-way comparison. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/177173 · Cited by 8,544 · see citing works
<i>Gaia</i> Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties
Gaia Collaboration, Brown, A. G. A., Vallenari, A., Prusti, T., de Bruijne, J. H. J., Babusiaux, C., Bailer-Jones, C. A. L., Biermann, M., Evans, D. W., Eyer, L., et al. (2018) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051 · Cited by 8,442 · see citing works
Self-citationWald, R. M. (1984) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226870373.001.0001 · Cited by 7,188 · see citing works
Prusti, T., de Bruijne, J. H. J., Brown, A. G. A., Vallenari, A., Babusiaux, C., Bailer‐Jones, C. A. L., Bastian, U., Biermann, M., Evans, D. W., Eyer, L., et al. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629272 · Cited by 6,941 · see citing works
Self-citationPlanck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., et al. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321591 · Cited by 6,875 · see citing works
Exact Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations
Stephani, H., Krämer, D., MacCallum, M. A. H., Hoenselaers, C., & Herlt, E. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511535185 · Cited by 4,644 · see citing works
Galactic Dynamics: Second Edition
Binney, J., & Tremaine, S. (2008) · doi:10.1515/9781400828722 · Cited by 4,375 · see citing works
Brown, A. G. A., Vallenari, A., Prusti, T., de Bruijne, J. H. J., Babusiaux, C., Biermann, M., Creevey, O. L., Evans, D. W., Eyer, L., Hutton, A., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657 · Cited by 3,937 · see citing works
Self-citationLocal kinematics and the local standard of rest
Schönrich, R. A., Binney, J. J., & Dehnen, W. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16253.x · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
galpy: A python LIBRARY FOR GALACTIC DYNAMICS
Bovy, J. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/216/2/29 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Exploring the Milky Way stellar disk
Bensby, T., Feltzing, S., & Oey, M. S. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322631 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
GAIA: Composition, formation and evolution of the Galaxy
Perryman, M. A. C., de Boer, K. S., Gilmore, G. F., Høg, E., Lattanzi, M. G., Lindegren, L., Luri, X., Mignard, F., Pace, O., & de Zeeuw, P. T. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010085 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Self-citationThe mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
McMillan, P. J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2759 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Lindegren, L., Bastian, U., Biermann, M., Bombrun, A., de Torres, A., Gerlach, E., Geyer, R., Hernández, J., Hilger, T., Hobbs, D., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039653 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Bensby, T., Feltzing, S., & Lundström, I. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031213 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Vertical waves in the solar neighbourhood inGaiaDR2
Bennett, M., & Bovy, J. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2813 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc
Eilers, A.-C., Hogg, D. W., Rix, H.-W., & Ness, M. K. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
<i>Gaia</i> Data Release 3: Properties and validation of the radial velocities
Katz, D., Sartoretti, P., Guerrier, A., Panuzzo, P., Seabroke, G. M., Thévenin, F., Cropper, M., Benson, K., Blomme, R., Haigron, R., et al. (2023) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244220 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc
Eilers, A., Hogg, D., Rix, H., & Ness, M. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 303 · see citing works
STARS, GAS, AND DARK MATTER IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
McKee, C. F., Parravano, A., & Hollenbach, D. J. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/814/1/13 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
The many faces of gravitoelectromagnetism
Jantzen, R. T., Carini, P., & Bini, D. (1992) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/0003-4916(92)90297-y · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Relativity on Curved Manifolds
de Felice, F., & Clarke, C. J. (1990) · International Linear Collider · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Composable Effects for Flexible and Accelerated Probabilistic Programming in NumPyroPreprint
Phan, D., Pradhan, N., & Jankowiak, M. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.11554 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Andrae, R., Fouesneau, M., Sordo, R., Bailer‐Jones, C. A. L., Dharmawardena, T. E., Rybizki, J., Angeli, F. D., Lindstrøm, H. E. P., Marshall, D. J., Drimmel, R., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243462 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Evidence for an Intermediate-mass Milky Way from<i>Gaia</i>DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions
Watkins, L. L., van der Marel, R. P., Sohn, S. T., & Wyn Evans, N. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Neugebauer, G., & Meinel, R. (1995) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.75.3046 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
A new determination of the local dark matter density from the kinematics of K dwarfs
Garbari, S., Liu, C., Read, J. I., & Lake, G. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21608.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The Proper Motion of Sagittarius A*. III. The Case for a Supermassive Black Hole
Reid, M. J., & Brunthaler, A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab76cd · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Reclassification of Cepheids in the Gaia Data Release 2
Ripepi, V., Molinaro, R., Musella, I., Marconi, M., Leccia, S., & Eyer, L. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834506 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Weighing the local dark matter with RAVE red clump stars
Bienaymé, O., Famaey, B., Siebert, A., Freeman, K. C., Gibson, B. K., Gilmore, G., Grebel, E. K., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Kordopatis, G., Munari, U., et al. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424478 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Ripepi, V., Clementini, G., Molinaro, R., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243990 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Weighing the local dark matter with RAVE red clump stars
Bienaymé, O., Famaey, B., Siebert, A., Freeman, K. C., Gibson, B. K., Gilmore, G. F., Grebel, E. K., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Kordopatis, G., Munari, U., et al. (2014) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424478/pdf · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A multimessenger study of the Milky Way’s stellar disc and bulge with LISA,Gaia, and LSST
Korol, V., Rossi, E. M., & Barausse, E. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3440 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars
Deason, A. J., Erkal, D., Belokurov, V. A., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Yang, C., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3984 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Pouliasis, E., Matteo, P. D., & Haywood, M. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527346 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
On testing CDM and geometry-driven Milky Way rotation curve models with Gaia DR2
Crosta, M., Giammaria, M., Lattanzi, M. G., & Poggio, E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1511 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationConstraining the Milky Way Mass Profile with Phase-space Distribution of Satellite Galaxies
Li, Z.-Z., Qian, Y.-Z., Han, J., Li, T. S., Wang, W., & Jing, Y. P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab84f0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140981 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIOR IN WEAK FIELD GENERAL RELATIVITY FOR EXTENDED ROTATING SOURCES
Balasin, H., & Grumiller, D. (2008) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271808012140 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
GALACTIC DYNAMICS VIA GENERAL RELATIVITY: A COMPILATION AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Cooperstock, F. I., & TIEU, S. (2007) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x0703666x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The mass of our Galaxy from satellite proper motions in the Gaia era
Fritz, T. K., Cintio, A. D., Battaglia, G., Brook, C. B., & Taibi, S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1040 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Galactic rotation curve and dark matter according to gravitomagnetism
Ludwig, G. O. (2021) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-08967-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Weighing the Galactic disk using phase-space spirals
Widmark, A., Laporte, C. F. P., de Salas, P. F., & Monari, G. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141466 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
de Felice, F., Vecchiato, A., Crosta, M., Bucciarelli, B., & Lattanzi, M. G. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/508701 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationde Felice, F., Crosta, M., Vecchiato, A., Lattanzi, M. G., & Bucciarelli, B. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/383244 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationMilky Way total mass derived by rotation curve and globular cluster kinematics from Gaia EDR3
Wang, J., Hammer, F., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3258 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Galaxy rotation curves in modified gravity models
de Almeida, Á. O. F., Amendola, L., & Niro, V. (2018) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2018/08/012 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Models for the 3D axisymmetric gravitational potential of the Milky Way galaxy
Barros, D. A., Lépine, J. R. D., & Dias, W. S. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527535 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Icarus: A Flat and Fast Prograde Stellar Stream in the Milky Way Disk
Fiorentin, P. R., Spagna, A., Lattanzi, M. G., & Cignoni, M. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abd53d · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationGalactic dark matter effects from purely geometrical aspects of general relativity
Astesiano, D., & Ruggiero, M. L. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.106.044061 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Towards a full general relativistic approach to galaxies
Astesiano, D., Cacciatori, S. L., Gorini, V., et al. (2022) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10506-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
On the Rotation Curve of Disk Galaxies in General Relativity
Ciotti, L. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac82b3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gaia relativistic astrometric models
Crosta, M., & Vecchiato, A. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912691 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationGalactic dynamics in general relativity: the role of gravitomagnetism
Ruggiero, M. L., Ortolan, A., & Speake, C. C. (2022) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ac9949 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A method for evaluating models that use galaxy rotation curves to derive the density profiles
de Almeida, Á. O. F., Piattella, O. F., & Rodrigues, D. C. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1844 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Tracing light propagation to the intrinsic accuracy of spacetime geometry
Crosta, M. (2011) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/28/23/235013 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCrosta, M., Geralico, A., Lattanzi, M. G., & Vecchiato, A. (2017) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.96.104030 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationStationary and axisymmetric perfect-fluid solutions to Einstein's equations
Senovilla, J. M. M. (1993) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/3-540-57364-x_202 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Evidence of a large-scale positive rotation–metallicity correlation in the Galactic thick disc
Fiorentin, P. R., Lattanzi, M. G., & Spagna, A. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sly198 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneral relativity versus dark matter for rotating galaxies
Srivastava, Y. N., Immirzi, G., Swain, J., Panella, O., & Pacetti, S. (2023) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-11031-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Relativistic satellite astrometry: the stellar radial velocity
de Felice, F., Preti, G., Crosta, M., et al. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015375 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationGaia Data Release 3: Hot-star radial velocities
Blomme, R., Frémat, Y., Sartoretti, P., et al. (2022) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2206.05486 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Relativistically rotating dustPreprint
Neugebauer, G., Kleinwächter, A., & Meinel, R. (2003) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/0301107 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gravitomagnetism and galaxy rotation curves: a cautionary talePreprint
Lasenby, A. N., Hobson, M., & Barker, W. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2303.06115 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Andrae R., Fouesneau M., Sordo R., et al. 2022, A&A in press
- Binney J., Tremaine S., 2008, Galactic Dynamics, 2nd ed edn. Princeton Series in Astrophysics, Princeton University Press, Princeton
- Bovy J., 2015b, ApJS, 216, 29 · DOI
- Costa L. F. O., Natário J., Frutos-Alfaro F., Soffel M., 2023, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:2303.17516 · DOI
- Creevey O. L., et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:2206.05864 · arXiv
- Crosta M., 2019, Nuovo Cimento Rivista Serie, 42, 443 · DOI
- Gaia Collaboration, Creevey O. L., et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:2206.05870 · arXiv
- Gaia Collaboration, Drimmel R., et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:2206.06207 · arXiv
- Gaia Collaboration, Recio-Blanco A., et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:2206.05534 · arXiv
- Gravity Collaboration et al., 2021b, A&A, 654, A22 · DOI
- Katz D., Sartoretti P., Guerrier A., et al. 2022, A&A in press
- Recio-Blanco A., et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:2206.05541 · arXiv
- Ripepi V., Clementini G., Molinaro R., et al. 2022, A&A in press
- Watanabe S., 2010, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 11, 3571
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Melchiorri, A., & Ruchika (2026) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2026.101758
“Beordo et al. (2024) compared MOND, dark-matter halo, and general-relativistic models with Gaia-based data limited to R ≲ 19 kpc and found them statistically comparable over that interval.”
- Authors
- Beordo, W., Crosta, M., Lattanzi, M. G., Re Fiorentin, P., & Spagna, A.
- Affiliations
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (IT)
- INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese , Italy
- Corresponding author
- Beordo, William
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2024-03-23
- Volume
- 529
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 4681-4698
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W4393130644
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 5.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Italian Space Agency (2018-24-HH.0, 2018-24-HH.1-2022)
- National Institute for Astrophysics
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- Milky Way rotation curve, dark matter, general relativity, Cepheid variable stars, dark matter halos, flat rotation curves, Gaia DR3
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
