Avant-propos : Les addictions sans drogues
Open accessAbstract
Les addictions sans drogues sont caractérisées par la perte du contrôle des comportements excessifs, en particulier le jeu pathologique, les achats compulsifs, les addictions sexuelles ou les addictions à Internet. Elles sont caractérisées également par le retentissement des conduites addictives sur la santé physique et/ou psychologique ainsi que sur la vie familiale et sociale des sujets. Des arguments neurobiologiques, cliniques et psychopathologiques ont justifié le regroupement des addictions comportementales et des addictions aux substances psychoactives. D’après certaines études épidémiologiques, la fréquence des addictions sans drogues serait élevée en population générale mais contraste avec des demandes de soins relativement limitées.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This foreword to a *Perspectives Psy* dossier argues that behavioral addictions (pathological gambling, compulsive buying, sexual addiction, Internet addiction) share core features with substance addictions and should be grouped together under the term "addiction." It reviews neurobiological, clinical, and psychopathological arguments for this grouping, reports prevalence estimates, and notes that treatment demand remains limited relative to apparent prevalence.
Key findings
- Behavioral addictions are characterized by loss of control over excessive behaviors, craving, and continuation despite negative consequences, with impact on physical/psychological health and family/social life.
- Reported prevalence in the general population: 1–8% for compulsive buying, 1–3% for pathological gambling, 5–6% for sexual addictions, and 0.7% for Internet addiction; these vary with narrow versus broad definitions of the disorders.
- In Grant and Kim's study, 23% of pathological gamblers also presented compulsive buying or sexual addictions.
- Arguments for grouping substance and behavioral addictions include a shared final common pathway via dopaminergic pathways from the ventral tegmental nucleus projecting to the nucleus accumbens, shared clinical features (tension before the act, euphoria during, regret/guilt after; tolerance; withdrawal signs; frequent polyaddictions and crossover), shared personality traits (alexithymia, sensation seeking, impulsivity, psychopathic traits), and similar psychosocial trajectories.
- Despite apparently high prevalence, demand for care in addictology services is relatively limited, and there are no care or prevention structures specifically targeting drug-free addictions.
Methods
- This is a foreword/editorial introducing a thematic dossier; it presents no original empirical design, sample, or statistical analysis.
- It synthesizes prior literature and epidemiological studies, and cites the DSM-IV/DSM-V terminology debate (addiction versus dependence).
- The dossier's texts were mostly presented at the colloquium "Addictions sans toxiques," held 21 December 2006 at the Faculté de Philosophie, Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, organized by the Groupement d'Alcoologie et d'Addictologie de la Région Picarde (GAARP).
Limitations
- Stated: probative neurobiological data are lacking for some behavioral addictions, notably compulsive buying, so their inclusion in the addiction spectrum remains much debated by some authors.
- Stated: prevalence figures vary according to narrow or broad definitions of the disorders, raising the question of the boundary between normal and pathological.
- Stated: no statistics are available on the number of pathological gamblers, for lack of will and means; evident from the text, this is a short editorial rather than a systematic review, so the cited prevalence ranges are drawn from other studies without a stated search or appraisal method.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
6 of 26 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Les addictions comportementales : une fréquence élevée ? · p. 3
Prevalence of compulsive buying in general population is between 1 and 8%.
“entre 1 et 8% pour les achats compulsifs [4, 13]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] Dell’Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E. Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006 ; 256 : 464-475. source
The ICDs’ phenomenology and epidemiology section reports compulsive-buying prevalence of 2–8% among US adults, also shown in Table 1. This supports the upper bound but not the claimed 1% lower bound; the cited estimate is also specific to US adults rather than an unqualified general population. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [13] Lejoyeux M, McLoughlin M, Adès J. Epidemiology of behavioral dependence: literature review and results of original studies. Eur Psychiatry 2000 ; 15 : 129-134. source
- Premisecitation§ Les addictions comportementales : une fréquence élevée ? · p. 3
Prevalence of pathological gambling in general population is between 1 and 3%.
“entre 1 et 3% pour le jeu pathologique [4, 13, 23]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [4] Dell’Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E. Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006 ; 256 : 464-475. source
- cites [13] Lejoyeux M, McLoughlin M, Adès J. Epidemiology of behavioral dependence: literature review and results of original studies. Eur Psychiatry 2000 ; 15 : 129-134. source
- cites [23] Venisse JL. Adès J, Valleur M. Rapport pour la MILDT concernant le problème des addictions aux jeux. Paris : MILDT, 2007 : 144 p. Consultable sur : http://www.drogues.gouv.fr/article5152. html 2007 : 144 p.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3
The frequency of psychiatric comorbidities is a common point to all addictions, particularly mood disorders and anxiety disorders.
“La fréquence des comorbidités psychiatriques est également un point commun à l'ensemble des addictions, en particulier les troubles de l'humeur et les troubles anxieux [4, 7, 10, 19].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [4] Dell’Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E. Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006 ; 256 : 464-475. source
The section on ICDs’ phenomenology and epidemiology reports high psychiatric comorbidity among pathological gamblers, including depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders. It does not establish that frequent mood and anxiety comorbidities are common to all addictions; its discussion is principally about impulse-control disorders, particularly pathological gambling. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [7] Goodman A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol 2008 ; 75 : 266-322.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [10] Grant JE, Kim SW. Comorbidity of impulse control disorders in pathological gamblers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003 ; 108 : 203-207. source
- cites [19] Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck PA, et al . Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic Internet use. J Affect Disord 2000 ; 57 : 267-272. source
- Premisecitation§ Les addictions comportementales : une fréquence élevée ? · p. 3
Prevalence of sexual addictions in general population is between 5% and 6%.
“entre 5% et 6% pour les addictions sexuelles [4, 17]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] Dell’Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E. Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006 ; 256 : 464-475. source
The ICDs’ phenomenology and epidemiology section reports early estimates of 5–6% for compulsive–impulsive sexual behaviors in the US population, also shown in Table 1. It says their true prevalence remains unknown; the claim presents the estimate as a settled prevalence for the general population without the US or uncertainty qualifiers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [17] Mick TM, Hollander E. Impulsive-compulsive sexual behavior. CNS Spectr 2006 ; 11: 944- 955. source
- Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3
All addictive behaviors share a final common pathway: dopaminergic pathways from the ventral tegmental area of the thalamus projecting to the nucleus accumbens.
“toutes les conduites addictives ont pour voie finale commune les voies dopaminergiques issues du noyau tegmental ventral du thalamus se projetant sur le nucleus accumbens.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Crockford DN, Goodyear B, Edwards J, Quickfall J, El-Guebaly N. Cue-induced brain activity in pathological gamblers. Biol Psychiatry 2005 ; 58 : 787-795. source
- cites [9] Grant JE, Brewer JA, Potenza MN. The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions. CNS Spectr 2006 ; 11 : 924-930. source
- Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3
The reward system involved in addictive behaviors includes the thalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex for all addictive behaviors.
“Le système de récompense impliqué dans les conduites addictives comprend pour l'ensemble des conduites addictives le thalamus, l'amygdale, le nucleus accumbens et le cortex préfrontal [3, 9].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Crockford DN, Goodyear B, Edwards J, Quickfall J, El-Guebaly N. Cue-induced brain activity in pathological gamblers. Biol Psychiatry 2005 ; 58 : 787-795. source
- cites [9] Grant JE, Brewer JA, Potenza MN. The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions. CNS Spectr 2006 ; 11 : 924-930. source
- Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3
The passage from one addiction to another is frequent.
“Le passage d'une addiction à l'autre est fréquent, comme l'a souligné Goodman dans une synthèse de la littérature très récente [7].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] Goodman A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol 2008 ; 75 : 266-322.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3
There is a lack of convincing neurobiological data for some behavioral addictions, notably compulsive buying.
“Néanmoins, il manque de données neurobiologiques probantes concernant certaines addictions comportementales, notamment les achats compulsifs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Hollander E, Allen A. Is compulsive buying a real disorder, and is it really compulsive? Am J Psychiatry 2006 ; 163 : 1670-1672. source
- Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3
The psychosocial trajectories of subjects presenting various addictive behaviors are similar.
“Enfin, les trajectoires psychosociales des sujets présentant diverses conduites addictives sont similaires [2].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Adès J, Lejoyeux M. Encore plus ! Jeu, sexe, travail, argent . Paris : Odile Jacob, 2001.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Les addictions comportementales : une fréquence élevée ? · p. 3
These frequencies are variable according to narrow or broad definition of the disorders.
“Ces fréquences élevées, variables selon la définition étroite ou large des troubles, posent la question du normal et du pathologique, préoccupation centrale en clinique quotidienne [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Venisse JL. Adès J, Valleur M. Rapport pour la MILDT concernant le problème des addictions aux jeux. Paris : MILDT, 2007 : 144 p. Consultable sur : http://www.drogues.gouv.fr/article5152. html 2007 : 144 p.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Les addictions comportementales : une fréquence élevée ? · p. 3
Prevalence of Internet addiction in general population is 0.7%.
“0,7% pour l'addiction à Internet [1]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Aboujaoude E, Koran LM, Gamel N, Large MD, Serpe RT. Potential markers for problematic internet use: a telephone survey of 2,513 adults. CNS Spectr 2006 ; 11: 750-755. source
- Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3
The frequency of familial transmission of addictions, including behavioral addictions, is notable.
“La fréquence de la transmission familiale des addictions, y compris pour les addictions comportementales est également à souligner [7].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] Goodman A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol 2008 ; 75 : 266-322.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3
In Grant and Kim's study, 23% of pathological gamblers also have compulsive buying or sexual addictions.
“Par exemple dans l'étude de Grant et Kim, 23% des joueurs pathologiques présentent aussi des achats compulsifs ou des addictions sexuelles [10].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Grant JE, Kim SW. Comorbidity of impulse control disorders in pathological gamblers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003 ; 108 : 203-207. source
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 4
- May combine two claims. 2
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Les addictions sans drogues · p. 2Behavioral addictions are characterized by loss of control of excessive behaviors, including pathological gambling, compulsive buying, sexual addictions, and Internet addictions.
“Les addictions sans drogues sont caractérisées par la perte du contrôle des comportements excessifs, en particulier le jeu pathologique, les achats compulsifs, les addictions sexuelles ou les addictions à Internet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Goodman A. Addiction: definition and implications. Br J Addict 1990 ; 85 : 1403-1408. source
The Diagnostic criteria for Addictive Disorder section defines addiction in terms of recurrent failure to control a behavior, and the paper explicitly discusses pathological gambling. The integrative approach section names sex as a potentially addictive activity. The copy does not identify compulsive buying or Internet addiction as examples; page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Les addictions sans drogues · p. 2Behavioral addictions are characterized by impact on physical and/or psychological health and on family and social life.
“Elles sont caractérisées également par le retentissement des conduites addictives sur la santé physique et/ou psychologique ainsi que sur la vie familiale et sociale des sujets.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Goodman A. Addiction: definition and implications. Br J Addict 1990 ; 85 : 1403-1408. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Les addictions sans drogues · p. 2Neurobiological, clinical, and psychopathological arguments justify grouping behavioral addictions and substance addictions.
“Des arguments neurobiologiques, cliniques et psychopathologiques ont justifié le regroupement des addictions comportementales et des addictions aux substances psychoactives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Pourquoi regrouper conduites addictives avec ou sans drogue ? · p. 3The inclusion of compulsive buying in the addiction spectrum remains highly debated by some authors.
“Leur inclusion dans le spectre des addictions reste de ce fait très discutée par certains auteurs [11].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Hollander E, Allen A. Is compulsive buying a real disorder, and is it really compulsive? Am J Psychiatry 2006 ; 163 : 1670-1672. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Quelles réponses thérapeutiques ? · p. 3There are no structures or care pathways or prevention targeted on behavioral addictions.
“Comme l'a souligné récemment Jean-Luc Venisse, il n'existe pas de structures et de filières de soins ni de prévention ciblées sur les addictions sans drogue [24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Venisse JL. Le scandale des addictions sans drogue. Synapse 2006 ; 226 : 2-3.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
Addictions, particularly behavioral ones, are all characterized by emotional tension before the act, euphoria during the act, and feelings of regret and guilt after the act.
“les addictions, en particulier comportementales, sont toutes caractérisées par une tension émotionnelle avant l'acte (ou consommation de substances), une euphorie durant l'acte, des sentiments de regrets et de culpabilité après l'acte.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is an increase in frequency and intensity of behaviors or substance consumption (tolerance) leading to loss of control and withdrawal signs.
“Il existe une augmentation de la fréquence et de l'intensité des comportements ou de la consommation de substances, appelée en pharmacologie tolérance, conduisant d'une part à la perte de contrôle et d'autre part à l'apparition de signes de manque en l'absence des comportements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Polyaddictions are frequent.
“Par ailleurs, les polyaddictions sont fréquentes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Certain personality traits (alexithymia, sensation seeking, impulsivity, psychopathic traits) are frequent in subjects with addiction with or without drugs.
“certains traits de personnalité tels que l'alexithymie, la recherche de sensation, l'impulsivité, les traits de personnalité psychopathiques sont fréquents chez les sujets souffrant d'addiction avec ou sans drogues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early failures in psycho-affective development (discontinuity of early affective relationships, early deficiencies in associative and elaborative mental processes, depressivity) are frequent in subjects with addiction.
“Des failles précoces dans le développement psycho-affectif, en particulier une discontinuité des relations affectives précoces, des carences précoces des processus mentaux associatifs et d'élaboration et une dépressivité sont également fréquentes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The apparently high frequency of behavioral addictions contrasts with relatively limited demand for care in addiction services, except in certain structures where demand is increasingly numerous.
“La fréquence, apparemment élevée des addictions sans drogue, contraste avec la demande de soins relativement limitée, observée dans les services d'Addictologie, excepté dans certaines structures connues pour s'en occuper où les demandes de soins sont au contraire de plus en plus nombreuses.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
MILDT report is cited as reference 24 instead of 23
MinorThe text cites reference 24 for the MILDT report, but the bibliography identifies reference 23 as that report. Reference 24 is a different article.
“La publication récente d'un rapport pour la MILDT sur les addictions aux jeux est à cet égard encourageante [24].”
“24. Venisse JL. Le scandale des addictions sans drogue. Synapse 2006 ; 226 : 2-3. 23. Venisse JL. Adès J, Valleur M. Rapport pour la MILDT concernant le problème des addictions aux jeux . Paris : MILDT, 2007 : 144 p.”
Cites
Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use
Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00107-x · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Addiction: definition and implications
GOODMAN, A. (1990) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01620.x · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review.
Goodman, A. (2008) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.030 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Cue-Induced Brain Activity in Pathological Gamblers
Crockford, D. N., Goodyear, B., Edwards, J., Quickfall, J., & el-Guebaly, N. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.037 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Grant, J. E., Brewer, J. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2006) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s109285290001511x · Cited by 372 · see citing works
What’s in a Word? Addiction Versus Dependence in DSM-V
O’Brien, C. P., Volkow, N. D., & Li, T.-K. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.764 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review
Dell’Osso, B., Altamura, A. C., Allen, A., Marazziti, D., & Hollander, E. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0668-0 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Potential Markers for Problematic Internet Use: <i>A Telephone Survey of 2,513 Adults</i>
Aboujaoude, E., Koran, L. M., Gamel, N., Large, M. D., & Serpe, R. T. (2006) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900014875 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Comorbidity of impulse control disorders in pathological gamblers
Grant, J. E., & Kim, S. W. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00162.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
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Is Compulsive Buying a Real Disorder, and Is It Really Compulsive?
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Impulsive-Compulsive Sexual Behavior
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Epidemiology of behavioral dependence: literature review and results of original studies
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The rise of the modern addict.
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Flagged first, then by citations
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- Venisse JL. Le scandale des addictions sans drogue. Synapse 2006 ; 226 : 2-3.
- Authors
- Dervaux, A., & Valot, L.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier Philippe Pinel (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Dervaux, Alain
- ORCID
- Dervaux, Alain
- Venue
- Perspectives Psy
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-9
- ISSN
- 0031-6032 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2162726575
- Semantic Scholar
- e9fefbec77e6385279a38db3c75641ca7e9a7289
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- fr
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Perspectives Psy (publishedVersion)
- Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Cairn.info (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- behavioral addiction, gambling addiction, compulsive buying, sexual addiction, internet addiction, family and social impact, neurobiology of addiction, drug addiction, epidemiology of addiction, health care demand
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-16.
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