Novel Zero-Heat-Flux Deep Body Temperature Measurement in Lower Extremity Vascular and Cardiac Surgery
Open accessAbstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare deep body temperature obtained using a novel noninvasive continuous zero-heat-flux temperature measurement system with core temperatures obtained using conventional methods.Design A prospective, observational study.Setting Operating room of a university hospital.Participants The study comprised 15 patients undergoing vascular surgery of the lower extremities and 15 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.Interventions Zero-heat-flux thermometry on the forehead and standard core temperature measurements.Measurements and main results Body temperature was measured using a new thermometry system (SpotOn; 3M, St. Paul, MN) on the forehead and with conventional methods in the esophagus during vascular surgery (n = 15), and in the nasopharynx and pulmonary artery during cardiac surgery (n = 15). The agreement between SpotOn and the conventional methods was assessed using the Bland-Altman random-effects approach for repeated measures. The mean difference between SpotOn and the esophageal temperature during vascular surgery was+0.08°C (95% limit of agreement -0.25 to+0.40°C). During cardiac surgery, during off CPB, the mean difference between SpotOn and the pulmonary arterial temperature was -0.05°C (95% limits of agreement -0.56 to+0.47°C). Throughout cardiac surgery (on and off CPB), the mean difference between SpotOn and the nasopharyngeal temperature was -0.12°C (95% limits of agreement -0.94 to+0.71°C). Poor agreement between the SpotOn and nasopharyngeal temperatures was detected in hypothermia below approximately 32°C.Conclusions According to this preliminary study, the deep body temperature measured using the zero-heat-flux system was in good agreement with standard core temperatures during lower extremity vascular and cardiac surgery. However, agreement was questionable during hypothermia below 32°C.
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The sensor probe applied to the forehead is a highly accurate surrogate compared to nasopharyngeal, esophageal and artery temperatures.
“Importantly, the sensor probe can be applied to the forehead, and has been shown to be highly accurate surrogate compared to nasopharyngeal20, esophageal23–27 and artery temperatures24.”
From Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
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Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions
Stahn, A. C., Werner, A., Opatz, O., Maggioni, M. A., Steinach, M., von Ahlefeld, V. W., Moore, A., Crucian, B. E., Smith, S. M., Zwart, S. R., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15560-w · Cited by 100 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mäkinen, M.-T., Pesonen, A., Jousela, I., Päivärinta, J., Poikajärvi, S., Albäck, A., Salminen, U.-S., & Pesonen, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Mäkinen, Marja-Tellervo
- Venue
- Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 973-978
- ISSN
- 1053-0770 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2514700268
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 8.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Thermal Regulation in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- deep body temperature, core body temperature, cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia, esophageal temperature, pulmonary artery temperature, nasopharyngeal temperature, non-invasive temperature measurement
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Body Temperature, Female, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Vascular Surgical Procedures, Monitoring, Intraoperative, Lower Extremity, Thermometry
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