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Cited by 147Sleep and related disordersSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Chronic hypnotic use: deadly risks, doubtful benefit

Kripke, Daniel F.·2000·Sleep Medicine Reviews
DOI 10.1053/smrv.1999.0076
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Abstract

In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all hypnotic prescriptions go to chronic users, who have taken hypnotics for an average of 5 years or more. Two large prospective epidemiological studies have shown that reported hypnotic use, especially use 30 times per month, is associated with an excess hazard of death. Indeed, use of hypnotics 30 times per month is associated with a similar mortality hazard to smoking 1-2 packs of cigarettes per day. Moreover, the hypnotic user's wish to improve daytime function is usually unfulfilled. The preponderance of evidence is that hypnotics impair performance, cognition and memory, increase the risk of automobile accidents and falls and promote unfavourable changes in personality. Due to tolerance, the sleep-promoting effects of hypnotics appear to be lost with chronic use. With long-term use, there is little controlled evidence that hypnotics produce benefits of any sort. More study of long-term hypnotic effects by public agencies is needed, but available evidence weighs strongly against long-term prescribing.

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Crossref · 10.1053/smrv.1999.0076

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78 of 78 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

Cites

Show all 79 references

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. Kripke, 1985, Chronic hypnotic use: the neglected problem, Koella WP, Ruther E, Schulz H (ed.). Sleep »84. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 338
  2. Cooper, 1977, Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs: Risks and Benefits, Rockville, M.D.: National Institute on Drug Abuse
  3. Ohayon, 1996, Sujets âgés, habitudes de sommeil et consommation de psychotropes dans la population française, L»Encéphale, 22, 337
  4. Miller, 1997, Benzodiazepines: behavioral and pharmacologic basis of addiction, tolerance, and dependence, Essent Psychopharmacol, 2, 119
  5. Morin, 1998, Late-life insomnia and chronic use of benzodiazepines: medication tapering with and without behavioral intervention, Sleep, 21S, 99
  6. Parrino, 1998, Discontinuation of elevated doses of benzodiazepines used as hypnotics: polysomnographic assessment of sleep parameters, Sleep, 21S, 101
  7. Committee on Halcion, Institute of Medicine, 1997, Halcion: An Independent Assessment of Safety and Efficacy Data, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press
  8. Gold, 1995, Rohypnol (flunitrazepam), The Facts About Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs, 4(4), 1
  9. National Institute of Medicine, 1979, Sleeping Pills, Insomnia, and Medical Practice, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences
  10. 1980, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 384
  11. National Institutes of Health, 1991, Consensus development conference statement: the treatment of sleep disorders of older people, Sleep, 14 (2), 169
  12. Erman, 1966, The Pharmacological Management of Sleep, Washington, D.C.: National Sleep Foundation
  13. Kripke, 1998, U.S. consumption of hypnotics: Do we know?, Sleep, 21S, 85
  14. 1997, Nanterre: Synthelabo

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Metadata

Authors
Kripke, D. F.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Kripke, Daniel F.
ORCID
Kripke, Daniel F.
Venue
Sleep Medicine Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2000-02
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
5-20
ISSN
1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1053/smrv.1999.0076
OpenAlex
W2112864440
Cited by
147
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
FWCI
9.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • American Cancer Society
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Keywords
hypnotics, long-term prescribing, mortality risk, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, falls, automobile accidents, personality change, daytime functioning

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