CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 147Sleep and related disordersSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Chronic hypnotic use: deadly risks, doubtful benefit

Kripke, Daniel F.·2000·Sleep Medicine Reviews
DOI 10.1053/smrv.1999.0076
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all hypnotic prescriptions go to chronic users, who have taken hypnotics for an average of 5 years or more. Two large prospective epidemiological studies have shown that reported hypnotic use, especially use 30 times per month, is associated with an excess hazard of death. Indeed, use of hypnotics 30 times per month is associated with a similar mortality hazard to smoking 1-2 packs of cigarettes per day. Moreover, the hypnotic user's wish to improve daytime function is usually unfulfilled. The preponderance of evidence is that hypnotics impair performance, cognition and memory, increase the risk of automobile accidents and falls and promote unfavourable changes in personality. Due to tolerance, the sleep-promoting effects of hypnotics appear to be lost with chronic use. With long-term use, there is little controlled evidence that hypnotics produce benefits of any sort. More study of long-term hypnotic effects by public agencies is needed, but available evidence weighs strongly against long-term prescribing.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1053/smrv.1999.0076

Cites

78 of 78 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. Kripke, 1985, Chronic hypnotic use: the neglected problem, Koella WP, Ruther E, Schulz H (ed.). Sleep »84. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 338
  2. Cooper, 1977, Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs: Risks and Benefits, Rockville, M.D.: National Institute on Drug Abuse
  3. Ohayon, 1996, Sujets âgés, habitudes de sommeil et consommation de psychotropes dans la population française, L»Encéphale, 22, 337
  4. Miller, 1997, Benzodiazepines: behavioral and pharmacologic basis of addiction, tolerance, and dependence, Essent Psychopharmacol, 2, 119
  5. Morin, 1998, Late-life insomnia and chronic use of benzodiazepines: medication tapering with and without behavioral intervention, Sleep, 21S, 99
  6. Parrino, 1998, Discontinuation of elevated doses of benzodiazepines used as hypnotics: polysomnographic assessment of sleep parameters, Sleep, 21S, 101
  7. Committee on Halcion, Institute of Medicine, 1997, Halcion: An Independent Assessment of Safety and Efficacy Data, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press
  8. Gold, 1995, Rohypnol (flunitrazepam), The Facts About Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs, 4(4), 1
  9. National Institute of Medicine, 1979, Sleeping Pills, Insomnia, and Medical Practice, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences
  10. 1980, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 384
  11. National Institutes of Health, 1991, Consensus development conference statement: the treatment of sleep disorders of older people, Sleep, 14 (2), 169
  12. Erman, 1966, The Pharmacological Management of Sleep, Washington, D.C.: National Sleep Foundation
  13. Kripke, 1998, U.S. consumption of hypnotics: Do we know?, Sleep, 21S, 85
  14. 1997, Nanterre: Synthelabo

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 147

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Kripke, D. F.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Kripke, Daniel F.
ORCID
Kripke, Daniel F.
Venue
Sleep Medicine Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2000-02
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
5-20
ISSN
1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1053/smrv.1999.0076
OpenAlex
W2112864440
Cited by
147
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
FWCI
9.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • American Cancer Society
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Keywords
hypnotics, long-term prescribing, mortality risk, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, falls, automobile accidents, personality change, daytime functioning

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review