The duality of sleeping sickness: focusing on sleep
Abstract
Sleeping sickness, once under control, is a re-emergent endemic parasitic disease in intertropical Africa. Its originality resides in its duality. Two trypanosome groups (Trypanososma brucei gambiense vs.rhodesiense ) are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies from two geographical areas (Western and Central Africa humid forest vs. Eastern Africa arboreous savannah), provoking a slowly or a rapidly evolutive disease. The two stage (haemolymphatic vs. neurological invasion) pathogenic evolution leads to the duality of the immune response, depending on the host-parasite inter-relation differences in the blood and the brain. In the blood, the immune processes involved are both specific (anti-variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) antibodies) and non-specific (complement-mediated lysis, opsonification-facilitated phagocytosis and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity). Although macrophages are activated in the blood and infiltrate the brain, nitric oxide decreases in the blood and increases in the brain, with a breakage in the blood-brain barrier, leading to brain lesions through the production of deleterious molecules. Prophylactic means are affected by the duality of pathogenic processes. This finally leads to a two stage disease (haemolymphatic vs. neurological) with two different therapeutic strategies. The sleep-wake cycle and other biological rhythms are also marked by the disappearance of circadian rhythmicity demasking basic ultradian activities and relationships, such as the interdependence of endocrine profiles and the sleep-wake alternation. 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd
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This insomnia sample showed objective PSG-derived sleep impairments, indicated by increased sleep onset latency, reduced total sleep time, and decreased sleep efficiency compared with healthy sleepers.
“This insomnia sample also showed objective PSG-derived sleep impairments, as indicated by increased sleep onset latency, reduced total sleep time, and decreased sleep efficiency compared with healthy sleepers”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
Another study reported an increase of IL-6 levels during the nighttime, rather than daytime, in 11 individuals with primary insomnia compared with age- and sex-matched healthy sleepers.
“another study reported an increase of IL-6 levels during the nighttime, rather than daytime, in 11 individuals with primary insomnia compared with age- and sex-matched healthy sleepers”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
Greater PSG-derived nocturnal wake time was related to higher IL-6 levels.
“greater PSG-derived nocturnal wake time was related to higher IL-6 levels”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
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The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
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“In human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a parasitic disease also known as sleeping sickness, circadian sleep-wake disruption is characteristic, with sleep and wake periods distributed throughout the 24-h day (77, 83).”
BackgroundHow (and why) the immune system makes us sleep
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- Authors
- Buguet, A., Bourdon, L., Bouteille, B., Cespuglio, R., Vincendeau, P., Radomski, M. W., & Dumas, M.
- Affiliations
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 139-153
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134855562
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Trypanosoma species research and implications
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleeping sickness, trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, tsetse flies, immune response, variant surface glycoprotein, complement-mediated lysis, opsonization, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, macrophages, nitric oxide, blood-brain barrier, sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythm, ultradian rhythms, hormonal profile, prophylaxis, treatment options
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