Human African trypanosomiasis
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted by tsetse flies. Almost all cases are due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is indigenous to west and central Africa. Prevalence is strongly dependent on control measures, which are often neglected during periods of political instability, thus leading to resurgence. With fewer than 12 000 cases of this disabling and fatal disease reported per year, trypanosomiasis belongs to the most neglected tropical diseases. The clinical presentation is complex, and diagnosis and treatment difficult. The available drugs are old, complicated to administer, and can cause severe adverse reactions. New diagnostic methods and safe and effective drugs are urgently needed. Vector control, to reduce the number of flies in existing foci, needs to be organised on a pan-African basis. WHO has stated that if national control programmes, international organisations, research institutes, and philanthropic partners engage in concerted action, elimination of this disease might even be possible.
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From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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Kyu, H. H., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32335-3 · Cited by 4,112 · see citing works
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The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
“In human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a parasitic disease also known as sleeping sickness, circadian sleep-wake disruption is characteristic, with sleep and wake periods distributed throughout the 24-h day (77, 83).”
BackgroundBüscher, P., Cecchi, G., Jamonneau, V., & Priotto, G. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31510-6 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Kinetoplastids: related protozoan pathogens, different diseases
Stuart, K., Brun, R., Croft, S. L., Fairlamb, A. H., Gürtler, R. E., McKerrow, J., Reed, S., & Tarleton, R. L. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci33945 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
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Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
Kennedy, P. G. E. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70296-x · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis
Simarro, P. P., Franco, J., Diarra, A., & Jannin, J. G. (2014) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s39728 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Kaempferol: Antimicrobial Properties, Sources, Clinical, and Traditional Applications
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Recent Developments in Drug Discovery for Leishmaniasis and Human African Trypanosomiasis
Nagle, A. S., Khare, S., Kumar, A. B., Supek, F., Buchynskyy, A., Mathison, C. J. N., Chennamaneni, N. K., Pendem, N., C, F. S. B. A., Gelb, M. H., et al. (2014) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr500365f · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Torreele, E., Trunz, B. B., Tweats, D. J., Kaiser, M., Brun, R., Mazué, G., Bray, M. A., & Pécoul, B. (2010) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000923 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis
Barrett, M. P., & Croft, S. L. (2012) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/lds031 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Neglected tropical diseases: diagnosis, clinical management, treatment and control.
Utzinger, J., Becker, S., Knopp, S., Blum, J., Neumayr, A., Keiser, J., & Hatz, C. (2012) · Swiss medical weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13727 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationNifurtimox Activation by Trypanosomal Type I Nitroreductases Generates Cytotoxic Nitrile Metabolites
Hall, B. S., Bot, C., & Wilkinson, S. R. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.230847 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Schmidt, T. J., Khalid, S. A., Romanha, Á. J., Alves, T. M., Biavatti, M. W., Brun, R., Costa, F. B. D., de Castro, S. L., Ferreira, V. F., Lacerda, M., et al. (2012) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986712800229023 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationMackey, T. K., Liang, B. A., Cuomo, R. E., Hafen, R., Brouwer, K. C., & Lee, D. E. (2014) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00045-14 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
A current analysis of chemotherapy strategies for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis
Babokhov, P., Sanyaolu, A. O., Oyibo, W. A., Fagbenro-Beyioku, A. F., & Iriemenam, N. C. (2013) · Pathogens and Global Health · doi:10.1179/2047773213y.0000000105 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases
Marcilla, A., Jaular, L. M., Trelis, M., Menezes‐Neto, A., Osuna, A., Bernal, D., Fernández-Becerra, C., de Almeida, I. C., & Portillo, H. A. D. (2014) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.3402/jev.v3.25040 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery and Development against Neglected Tropical Diseases
Cheuka, P. M., Mayoka, G. W., Mutai, P., & Chibale, K. (2016) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules22010058 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
APOL1 Kidney Risk Alleles: Population Genetics and Disease Associations
Limou, S., Nelson, G. W., Kopp, J. B., & Winkler, C. A. (2014) · Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease · doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2014.06.005 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Glišić, B. Đ., & Djuran, M. I. (2014) · Dalton Transactions · doi:10.1039/c4dt00022f · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Untreated Human Infections by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Are Not 100% Fatal
Jamonneau, V., Ilboudo, H., Kaboré, J., Kaba, D., Koffi, M., Solano, P., Garcia, A., Courtin, D., Laveissière, C., Kouakou, L., et al. (2012) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001691 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Franco, J. R., Cecchi, G., Paone, M., Diarra, A., Grout, L., Ebeja, A. K., Simarro, P. P., Zhao, W., & Argaw, D. (2022) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010047 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Inhibitory Activity of Marine Sponge-Derived Natural Products against Parasitic Protozoa
Orhan, İ. E., Şener, B., Kaiser, M., Brun, R., & Taşdemir, D. (2010) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md8010047 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationWiedemar, N., Hauser, D. A., & Mäser, P. (2019) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01168-19 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
A Molecular Mechanism for Eflornithine Resistance in African Trypanosomes
Vincent, I. M., Creek, D. J., Watson, D. G., Kamleh, M. A., Woods, D. J., Wong, P. E., Burchmore, R., & Barrett, M. P. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001204 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Structural basis for inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase by suramin
Yin, W., Luan, X., Li, Z., Zhou, Z., Wang, Q., Gao, M., Wang, X., Zhou, F., Shi, J., You, E., et al. (2021) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/s41594-021-00570-0 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Malvy, D. J.-M., & Chappuis, F. (2011) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03536.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiac Involvement with Parasitic Infections
Hidrón, A., Vogenthaler, N. S., Santos, J. I., Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Franco‐Paredes, C., & Rassi, A. (2010) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00054-09 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Aquaglyceroporin 2 controls susceptibility to melarsoprol and pentamidine in African trypanosomes
Baker, N., Glover, L., Munday, J. C., Aguinaga, D., Barrett, M. P., de Koning, H. P., & Horn, D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1202885109 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Exocytosis and protein secretion in Trypanosoma
Geiger, A., Hirtz, C., Bécue, T., Bellard, E., Centeno, D., Gargani, D., Rossignol, M., Cuny, G., & Peltier, J. (2010) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-10-20 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Natural-Products-Inspired Use of the gem -Dimethyl Group in Medicinal Chemistry
Talele, T. T. (2017) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00315 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Yun, O., Priotto, G., Tong, J., Flévaud, L., & Chappuis, F. (2010) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000720 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationKappagoda, S., Singh, U., & Blackburn, B. G. (2011) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0203 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Oberholzer, M., Langousis, G., Nguyen, H. T., Saada, E. A., Shimogawa, M. M., Jónsson, Z. O., Nguyen, S. M., Wohlschlegel, J. A., & Hill, K. L. (2011) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m111.010538 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Drug Resistance in Human African Trypanosomiasis
Barrett, M. P., Vincent, I. M., Burchmore, R., Kazibwe, A., & Matovu, E. (2011) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.11.88 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Development of Novel Drugs for Human African Trypanosomiasis
Brun, R., Don, R., Jacobs, R. T., Wang, M. Z., & Barrett, M. P. (2011) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.11.44 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationThrough the dark continent: African trypanosome development in the tsetse fly
Rotureau, B., & Abbeele, J. V. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2013.00053 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Clinical and Neuropathogenetic Aspects of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Kennedy, P. G. E., & Rodgers, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00039 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Moore, S. M., Shrestha, S., Tomlinson, K. W., & Vuong, H. B. (2011) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0654 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Human African Trypanosomiasis in Non‐Endemic Countries (2000–2010)
Simarro, P. P., Franco, J. R., Cecchi, G., Paone, M., Diarra, A., Ruiz-Postigo, J. A., & Jannin, J. G. (2011) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00576.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
A Cell-surface Phylome for African Trypanosomes
Jackson, A. P., Allison, H. C., Barry, J. D., Field, M. C., Hertz‐Fowler, C., & Berriman, M. (2013) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002121 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Target Validation: Linking Target and Chemical Properties to Desired Product Profile
Wyatt, P. G., Gilbert, I. H., Read, K. D., & Fairlamb, A. H. (2011) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802611795429185 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Melarsoprol Resistance in African Trypanosomiasis
Fairlamb, A. H., & Horn, D. (2018) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.002 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Bromopyrrole Alkaloids as Lead Compounds against Protozoan Parasites
Scala, F., Fattorusso, E., Menna, M., Taglialatela‐Scafati, O., Tierney, M. S., Kaiser, M., & Taşdemir, D. (2010) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md8072162 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Creek, D. J., Mazet, M., Achcar, F., Anderson, J. J., Kim, D., Kamour, R., Morand, P., Millerioux, Y., Biran, M., Kerkhoven, E. J., et al. (2015) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004689 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Tsetse Control and Gambian Sleeping Sickness; Implications for Control Strategy
Tirados, I., Esterhuizen, J., Kovačić, V., Mangwiro, T. N. C., Vale, G. A., Hastings, I. M., Solano, P., Lehane, M. J., & Torr, S. J. (2015) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003822 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Estimates of the duration of the early and late stage of gambiense sleeping sickness
Checchi, F., Filipe, J. A. N., Haydon, D. T., Chandramohan, D., & Chappuis, F. (2008) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-8-16 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationAlirol, E., Schrumpf, D., Heradi, J. A., Riedel, A., de Patoul, C., Quere, M., & Chappuis, F. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis886 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationCombatting African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock: The potential role of trypanotolerance
Yaro, M., Munyard, K. A., Stear, M. J., & Groth, D. M. (2016) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Trypanosomal immune evasion, chronicity and transmission: an elegant balancing act
MacGregor, P., Szöőr, B., Savill, N. J., & Matthews, K. R. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2779 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Phylogeography and Taxonomy of Trypanosoma brucei
Balmer, O., Beadell, J. S., Gibson, W. C., & Caccone, A. (2011) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000961 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Vincent, I. M., Creek, D. J., Burgess, K. E., Woods, D. J., Burchmore, R., & Barrett, M. P. (2012) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001618 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Naphthoquinone Derivatives Exert Their Antitrypanosomal Activity via a Multi-Target Mechanism
Pieretti, S., Haanstra, J. R., Mazet, M., Perozzo, R., Bergamini, C., Prati, F., Fato, R., Lenaz, G., Capranico, G., Brun, R., et al. (2013) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002012 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationThe journey towards elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: not far, nor easy
Franco, J. R., Simarro, P. P., DIARRA, A., Ruiz-Postigo, J. A., & Jannin, J. G. (2014) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182013002102 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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Lysine Deacetylase Inhibitors in Parasites: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
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Self-citationTarral, A., Blesson, S., Mordt, O. V., Torreele, E., Sassella, D., Bray, M. A., Hovsepian, L., Evène, E., Gualano, V., Felices, M., et al. (2014) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0136-3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Primase-polymerases are a functionally diverse superfamily of replication and repair enzymes
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Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People
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Treatment options for second-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis
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Self-citationNeuropathology of Naturally Occurring Trypanosoma evansi Infection of Horses
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Vesicles as carriers of virulence factors in parasitic protozoan diseases
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The within-host dynamics of African trypanosome infections
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Chalcone–Benzoxaborole Hybrid Molecules as Potent Antitrypanosomal Agents
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Pharmacological Validation of Trypanosoma brucei Phosphodiesterases as Novel Drug Targets
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Antiparasitic agents: new drugs on the horizon
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Self-citationThe Natural Progression of Gambiense Sleeping Sickness: What Is the Evidence?
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Nanobody conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for active targeting of African Trypanosomiasis
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Self-citationInsect antimicrobial peptides act synergistically to inhibit a trypanosome parasite
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Host-Directed Drug Therapies for Neglected Tropical Diseases Caused by Protozoan Parasites
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Nodding syndrome in Mundri county, South Sudan: Environmental, nutritional and infectious factors
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Distinct States of Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase Indicate Inhibitor Binding by Conformational Selection
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A unified multi-kingdom Golden Gate cloning platform
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Arsenic-Based Drugs: From Fowler’s Solution to Modern Anticancer Chemotherapy
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Genetic Inhibition of APOL1 Pore-Forming Function Prevents APOL1-Mediated Kidney Disease
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- Authors
- Brun, R., Blum, J., Chappuis, F., & Burri, C.
- Affiliations
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Brun, Reto
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 375
- Issue
- 9709
- Pages
- 148-159
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2151877638
- Cited by
- 926
- References
- 300
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 45.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Medecins Sans Frontieres Field Research (Medecins Sans Frontieres) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Trypanosoma species research and implications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Keywords
- sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, tsetse flies, neglected tropical diseases, disease resurgence, political instability, vector control, disease elimination, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, adverse drug reactions, sub-Saharan Africa
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Eflornithine, Animals, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings, Insect Vectors, Melarsoprol, Pentamidine, Suramin, Trypanocidal Agents, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosomiasis, African, Tsetse Flies, Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma, Incidence, Endemic Diseases, Biomedical Research
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