Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Variability During Heavy Training and Overtraining in the Female Athlete
Abstract
We investigated heavy training- and overtraining-induced changes in heart rate and blood pressure variability during supine rest and in response to head-up tilt in female endurance athletes. Nine young female experimental athletes (ETG) increased their training volume at the intensity of 70-90% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by 125% and training volume at the intensity of < 70% of VO2max by 100% during 6-9 weeks. The corresponding increases in 6 female control athletes were 5% and 10%. The VO2max of the ETG and the control athletes did not change, but it decreased from 53.0 +/- 2.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) to 50.2 +/- 2.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (mean+/-SEM, p < 0.01) in five overtrained experimental athletes. In the ETG, low-frequency power of R-R interval (RRI) variability during supine rest increased from 6 +/- 1 ms2 x 10(2) to 9 +/- 2 ms2 x 10(2) (p < 0.05). The 30/15 index (= RRI(max 30)/RRI(min 15), where RRI(max 30) denotes the longest RRI close to the 30th RRI and RRI(min 15) denotes the shortest RRI close to the 15th RRI after assuming upright position in the head-up tilt test), decreased as a result of training (analysis of variance, p = 0.05). In the ETG, changes in VO2max were related to the changes in total power of RRI variability during standing (r = 0.74, p < 0.05). Heart rate response to prolonged standing after head-up tilt was either accentuated or attenuated in the overtrained athletes as compared to the normal training state. We conclude that heavy training could increase cardiac sympathetic modulation during supine rest and attenuated biphasic baroreflex-mediated response appearing just after shifting to an upright position. Heavy-training-/overtraining-induced decrease in maximal aerobic power was related to decreased heart rate variability during standing. Physiological responses to overtraining were individual.
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The training status of athletes may affect HRV.
“The training status of athletes may affect HRV.83,84”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
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(2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333070-00004 · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability in Athletes
AUBERT, A. E., Seps, B., & Beckers, F. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333120-00003 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Plews, D. J., Laursen, P. B., Stanley, J., Kilding, A. E., & Buchheit, M. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
“[32] showed that OT was associated with decreased HRV in endurance athletes undergoing heavy training over a 6- to 9-week period.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete
Seshadri, D. R., Li, R. T., Voos, J. E., Rowbottom, J. R., Alfes, C. M., Zorman, C. A., & Drummond, C. K. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0150-9 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Halson, S. L., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200434140-00003 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Urhausen, A. J. P., & Kindermann, W. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232020-00002 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
“O2max) were significantly correlated with changes of R-R interval variability during standing; however, the five overtrained individuals of this group showed different individual responses.[19] In another investigation, 6 days of overload training resulting in overreaching was not accompanied by a change in heart rate…”
MEEUSEN, R. R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A. C., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D. C., Raglin, J. S., Rietjens, G. J., Steinacker, J. M., & Urhausen, A. J. P. (2012) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.730061 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have examined the effects of training on indices of HRV, but to date few studies have investigated HRV in overreached or OTS athletes, with studies showing either no change (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003; Hedelin, Kentta, Wiklund, Bjerle, & Henriksson-Larsen, 2000a; Uusitalo, Uusitalo, & Rusko, 1998), inc…”
BackgroundResultPrevention, diagnosis and treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome
MEEUSEN, R. R., Duclos, M., Gleeson, M., Rietjens, G. J., Steinacker, J. M., & Urhausen, A. J. P. (2006) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390600617717 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
“Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis has been used as a measure of cardiac autonomic balance, with an increase in HRV indicating an increase in vagal (parasympathetic) tone relative to sympathetic activity (Uusitalo et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe role of heart rate variability in sports physiology
DONG, J.-G. (2016) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3104 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“This shift from vagal to sympathetic predominance has been reported in female athletes assayed for HRV in the supine rest position after a 6-to 9-week high-intensity training (63).”
Individual responses to aerobic exercise: The role of the autonomic nervous system
Hautala, A. J., Kiviniemi, A. M., & Tulppo, M. P. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.009 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“Additionally, abnormal ANS regulation, measured by means of HRV or sympathoadrenal and adrenocortical activity, relates to overtraining (Hedelin et al., 2000; Hynynen et al., 2006; Lehmann et al., 1998; Mourot et al., 2004; Uusitalo et al., 1998,2000).”
BackgroundMethodPlews, D. J., Laursen, P. B., Kilding, A. E., & Buchheit, M. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Decrease in heart rate variability with overtraining: assessment by the Poincaré plot analysis
Mourot, L., Bouhaddi, M., Perrey, S., Cappelle, S., Henriet, M. T., Wolf, J., Rouillon, J. D., & Regnard, J. (2004) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1046/j.1475-0961.2003.00523.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“However, this was a onesubject case study that needs to be confirmed in a greater number of subjects as no change (Hedelin et al., 2000b) or a decrease (Uusitalo et al., 2000) in HRV with OT has also been reported.”
BackgroundInfluentialIwasaki, K., Zhang, R., Zuckerman, J. H., & Levine, B. D. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00482.2003 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes
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Evidence of Parasympathetic Hyperactivity in Functionally Overreached Athletes
Meur, Y. L., Pichon, A., Schaal, K., Schmitt, L., Louis, J. B., Guénéron, J., Vidal, P. P., & Hausswirth, C. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182980125 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Monitoring changes in physical performance with heart rate measures in young soccer players
Buchheit, M., Simpson, M. B., Haddad, H. A., Bourdon, P. C., & Méndez-Villanueva, A. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2014-0 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
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“(46) measured HRV in 15 female endurance-trained athletes before and after they performed either normal or intensified training.”
BackgroundIs heart rate a convenient tool to monitor over-reaching? A systematic review of the literature
Bosquet, L., Merkari, S., Arvisais, D., & AUBERT, A. E. (2008) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.042200 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“24 27 30–61 Coding for the studies Each study was read and coded independently by two investigators using HR and duration of the overload intervention as moderator variables.”
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Heart rate variability during night sleep and after awakening in overtrained athletes
HYNYNEN, E., UUSITALO, A., KONTTINEN, N., & RUSKO, H. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000184631.27641.b5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Monitoring Training With Heart-Rate Variability: How Much Compliance Is Needed for Valid Assessment?
Plews, D. J., Laursen, P. B., Meur, Y. L., Hausswirth, C., Kilding, A. E., & Buchheit, M. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0455 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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Fatigue Shifts and Scatters Heart Rate Variability in Elite Endurance Athletes
Schmitt, L., Regnard, J., Desmarets, M., Mauny, F., Mourot, L., Fouillot, J.-P., Coulmy, N., & Millet, G. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071588 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“[12] showed that OT was associated with HRV descriptors in which HF power was decreased in nine female endurance athletes undergoing heavy training over a 6–9 week period.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIndividual Interdependence between Nocturnal ANS Activity and Performance in Swimmers
Garet, M., Tournaire, N., Roche, F., LAURENT, R., Lacour, J. R., Barthélemy, J., & Pichot, V. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000147588.28955.48 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Individual Endurance Training Prescription with Heart Rate Variability
Vesterinen, V., Nummela, A. T., Heikura, I. A., Laine, T., Hynynen, E., Botella, J., & Häkkinen, K. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000910 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“When HRV is above the SWC, it is indicating increased vagal activity, called parasympathetic hyperactivity, which could also be a sign of functional overreaching (20) or overtraining (14, 32).”
BackgroundBiochemical Aspects of Overtraining in Endurance Sports
Petibois, C., Cazorla, G., POORTMANS, J. R., & D??l??ris, G. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333020-00001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
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“While the tracking of HRR over a training period has been reported (Borresen and Lambert 2007; Sugawara et al. 2001), the evolution of HRR in the 24–48-h period after exercise is not known.”
BackgroundAssessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Sport: Narrative Review
Bestwick-Stevenson, T., Toone, R. J., Neupert, E. C., Edwards, K., & Kluzek, S. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1834-7177 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Analyses of heart rate variability in young soccer players: The effects of sport activity
Bricout, V., DeChenaud, S., & Favre‐Juvin, A. (2010) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2009.12.001 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“This result was found in various works (Pichot et al., 2000; Uusitalo et al., 2000) which showed that during an intense training period, the indices of HRV of sportsmen tend to deviate from reference standards, and on the other hand, that the parameters characterizing the parasympathetic activity are lowered, while th…”
ResultEarnest, C. P., Jurča, R., Church, T. S., Chicharro, J. L., Hoyos, J., & Lucía, A. (2004) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.005140 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Using an exercise-based instrument to detect signs of an eating disorder
Yates, A., Edman, J. D., Crago, M. A., et al. (2001) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00341-9 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Uusitalo et al., 2000 .”
Uusitalo, A. L. T. (2001) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2001.05.774 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Nicolas, M., Vacher, P., Martinent, G., & Mourot, L. (2016) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2016.03.007 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“These findings are in agreement with studies investigating the corresponding changes between training volume and ANS activity with biomarkers(53,54) and HR or blood pressure variability analyses.(55,56) However, none of these studies reported a dose response relationship with correlations between perceived RSS and phy…”
ResultBiological markers for the follow-up of athletes throughout the training season
Lac, G., & Maso, F. (2004) · Pathologie Biologie · doi:10.1016/s0369-8114(03)00049-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Physical training and heart rate and blood pressure variability: a 5-yr randomized trial
Uusitalo, A. L. T., Laitinen, T. P., Väisänen, S., Länsimies, E., & Rauramaa, R. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00600.2003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability: Response Following a Single Bout of Interval Training
James, D. V., Barnes, A. J., Lopes, P., & Wood, D. (2002) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2002-29077 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Interest of analyses of heart rate variability in the prevention of fatigue states in senior runners
Leti, T., & Bricout, V. (2012) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2012.10.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“This result was found in various works (Pichot et al., 2000; Uusitalo et al., 2000) which showed that during an intense training period, the indices of HRV of sportsmen tend to deviate from reference standards, and on the other hand, that the parameters characterizing the parasympathetic modulation are lowered, while…”
ResultTian, Y., He, Z.-H., Zhao, J.-X., Tao, D.-L., Xu, K.-Y., Earnest, C. P., & McNaughton, L. R. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31826caef8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“A significant increase in low-frequency (LF) spectral power was seen in a mixture of cohorts such as young female endurance athletes (37) and junior rowers (16).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFunctional Overreaching in Endurance Athletes: A Necessity or Cause for Concern?
Bellinger, P. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01269-w · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Furthermore, given that FOR is associated with various negative cardiovascular [5, 29, 39, 40], hormonal [5, 30], immunological [41–43] and metabolic consequences [8, 9, 13], as well as impaired exercise performance [3–5, 7–21], its necessity could be questioned.”
BackgroundEffect of recovery mode on postexercise vagal reactivation in elite synchronized swimmers
Schaal, K., Meur, Y. L., Bieuzen, F., Petit, O., Hellard, P., Toussaint, J., & Hausswirth, C. (2012) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0155 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…training have been shown to disrupt HRV indices at rest; in turn, these disruptions have been associated with increased fatigue, decreased sleep quality, and decreased performance (Al Haddad et al. 2009; Hynynen et al. 2006; Hynynen 2010; Garet et al. 2004; Plews et al. 2012 Uusitalo et al. 2000).”
BackgroundEffects of endurance training on heart rate and blood pressure variability
Uusitalo, A. L. T., Laitinen, T. P., Väisänen, S., Länsimies, E., & Rauramaa, R. (2002) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1046/j.1475-097x.2002.00414.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“However, even an extensive increase in physical training in athletes did not change blood pressure variability (Uusitalo et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHeart Rate Variability Reflects Training Load and Psychophysiological Status in Young Elite Gymnasts
Sartor, F., Vailati, E., Valsecchi, V., Vailati, F., & Torre, A. L. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828783cc · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Heart rate variability has been shown to reflect autonomic imbalance in overtrained athletes (35,36,44,45).”
BackgroundHeart rate variability in trotters during different training periods
Kinnunen, S., Laukkanen, R. M. T., HALDI, J., et al. (2006) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05542.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This observation is supported by earlier findings, where aerobic training increased HRV in man (Uusitalo et al. 2000; Tulppo e ta / . 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRavé, G., & Fortrat, J. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3416-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kiviniemi, A. M., Tulppo, M. P., Hautala, A. J., Vanninen, E. J., & Uusitalo, A. L. T. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12114 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sekiguchi, Y., Adams, W. M., Benjamin, C. L., Curtis, R. M., Giersch, G. E. W., & Casa, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12836 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Arterial blood pressure analysis based on scattering transform I
Laleg‐Kirati, T., Crépeau, E., Papelier, Y., et al. (2007) · Conference proceedings · doi:10.1109/iembs.2007.4353544 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For a convenient use, we solve the SBSA by replacing the space variable x by the time variable t.”
MethodManresa‐Rocamora, A., Flatt, A. A., Casanova‐Lizón, A., Ballester-Ferrer, J. A., Sarabia, J. M., Vera-García, F. J., & Moya‐Ramón, M. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13932 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Objective and subjective analysis of the training content in young cyclists
Delattre, E., Garcin, M., Mille-Hamard, L., et al. (2006) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h05-004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“HR can also vary with the training state (Lehmann et al. 1993; Uusitalo et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSleep Efficiency and Overreaching in Swimmers
Wall, S. P., Mattacola, C. G., Swanik, C. B., et al. (2003) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.12.1.1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gronwald, T., Schaffarczyk, M., & Hoos, O. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05601-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…Bellenger et al. 2016a; Maggioni et al. 2020), as well as for the reflection of fatigue states, parasympathetic hyperactivity, and overreaching (Uusitalo et al. 2000; Hedelin et al. 2000; Portier et al. 2001; Hynynen et al. 2008; Le Meur et al. 2013; Schmitt et al. 2013, 2015b; Bellenger et…”
Pla, R., Aubry, A., Resseguier, N., Merino, M., Toussaint, J., & Hellard, P. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-0877-6981 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Functional Overreaching During Preparation Training of Elite Tennis Professionals
Thiel, C., Vogt, L., Bürklein, M., Rosenhagen, A., Hübscher, M., & Banzer, W. E. (2011) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/v10078-011-0025-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Cardiac autonomous control Heart rate variability (HRV), indicative of cardiovascular autonomic balance, has been reported to be related to overreaching (Mourot et al., 2004; Uusitalo et al., 2000).”
InfluentialNyerges‐Bohák, Z., Nagy, K., Rózsa, L., Póti, P., & Kovács, L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259933 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This suggests that reductions in HRV are not neccesarily associated with fatigue [50,51,53] but may reflect positive adaptation to the training.”
BackgroundChanges in heart rate variability of athletes during a training camp
Baumert, M., Brechtel, L. M., Lock, J., & Voss, A. (2006) · Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/bmt.2006.037 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Monitoring training in women's volleyball: Supine or seated heart rate variability?
Rabbani, M., Agha-Alinejad, H., Gharakhanlou, R., et al. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113537 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Maximal rate of heart rate increase correlates with fatigue/recovery status in female cyclists
Nelson, M. J., Bellenger, C. R., Thomson, R. L., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3728-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hottenrott, L., Gronwald, T., Hottenrott, K., Wiewelhove, T., & Ferrauti, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.612782 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Smith, T. B., Hopkins, W. G., & Lowe, T. E. (2011) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.6.4.469 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“0 (176–182) cm, 74 (69–93) kg, and 23 (19–31) y; those of the males were 191 (181–200) cm, 90 (72–101) kg, 24 (21-30) y.”
Davydov, D. M., Zhdanov, R. I., Георгиевич, Д. В., Kravtsova, O. A., Voronina, E. N., & Филипенко, М. Л. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10703 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Emerging methods for the physiological assessment of occupational stress
Collins, S. M. (2001) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2001-00190 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Reduced HRV has also been linked to over-training syndrome in athletes [69].”
The role of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in inflammation
Vučić, V. (2013) · Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research · doi:10.5937/sjecr14-4774 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Arterial blood pressure analysis based on scattering transform II
Laleg‐Kirati, T., Médigue, C., Cottin, F., et al. (2007) · Conference proceedings · doi:10.1109/iembs.2007.4353545 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The aim of this kind of studies is to assess the quality of training, to avoid overtraining and to improve CV adjustment to exercise [1], [12].”
BackgroundOpuntia Ficus Indica Increases Heart-Rate Variability in High-Level Athletes
Schmitt, L., Fouillot, J.-P., Nicolet, G., & Midol, A. (2008) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.169 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Weippert, M., Behrens, M., Mau‐Moeller, A., Bruhn, S., & Behrens, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01267 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Furthermore, investigations often focused on single aspects of the bodily response and particular competitions (Siegel et al., 1981; O’Connor et al., 1991; Hedelin et al., 2000; Uusitalo et al., 2000; Saunders et al., 2004; Shave et al., 2005; Fortescue et al., 2007; Schumacher et al., 2008; Millet et al., 2011; Willi…”
BackgroundReliability of orthostatic responses in healthy men aged between 65 and 75 years
Gabbett, T. J., & Gass, G. C. (2005) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.030387 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“hospitals), and have recently been used in the diagnosis of athlete overtraining (Uusitalo et al. 1996; Uusitalo et al. 2000; Gabbett et al. 2001a).”
MethodModeling Stress-Recovery Status Through Heart Rate Changes Along a Cycling Grand Tour
Barrero, A., Cunuder, A. L., Carrault, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.576308 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This observation is in accordance with the increase cardiac sympathetic modulation during supine rest and attenuated baroreflex response to change position observed by Uusitalo et al. (2000) in heavily trained females.”
BackgroundResultAvoid Overtraining in Young Athletes
Rearick, M. P., Creasy, J., & Buriak, J. (2011) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2011.10598624 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Independent influence of age on heart rate recovery after flywheel exercise in trained men and women
Zubac, D., Goswami, N., Ivančev, V., Valić, Z., & Šimunič, B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91565-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dranitsin, O. V. (2008) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390802251828 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
PAS, M. F. W. T., Wijnberg, I. D., Hoekman, A. J. W., de Graaf‐Roelfsema, E., KEIZER, H. A., van Breda, E., Ducro, B. J., & van der Kolk, J. H. (2013) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.052 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sanz-Quinto, S., López-Grueso, R., Brizuela, G., Flatt, A. A., & Moya‐Ramón, M. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002667 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hu, J. C., Browne, J. D., Baum, J. T., Robinson, A., Arnold, M. T., Reid, S. P., Neufeld, E. V., & Dolezal, B. A. (2020) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/amfs1216 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The running protocol in this study was designed to provoke this ANS imbalance through a progressive overload training regimen absent of rest/recovery (1, 40, 50) leading to overtraining.”
MethodMoskovchenko, O. N., Zakharova, L. V., Tretyakova, N. V., et al. (2019) · The Education and science journal · doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2019-1-124-149 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“ния для решения задач медико-биологического назначения, которые стали использоваться и для обследования спортсменов2 [20].”
Pla, R., Bosquet, L., Aubry, A., Toussaint, J., & Sedeaud, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052970 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“(1999) also reported that decrease in vagal activity in standing position was correlated with decrease in maximal aerobic power in athletes, whereas no correlation was observed in the supine position [23].”
BackgroundHeart rate modulations in overtraining syndrome
Dejan, S., Jelica, S.-T., & Djordjevic, D. Z. (2013) · Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research · doi:10.5937/sjecr14-4388 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Driver’s drowsiness inhibition by subcutaneous stimulation based on SNS activity
Kajiwara, Y., Asano, H., Bando, S., et al. (2015) · Artificial Life and Robotics · doi:10.1007/s10015-015-0236-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Morlin, M. T., da Cruz, C. J. G., Guimarães, F. E. R., da Silva, R. A. S., Porto, L. G. G., & Molina, G. E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010634 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Our results align with other studies that reported a shift in HRV analysis at rest towards a sympathetic predominance in athletes with overtraining syndrome (at least in the initial stage) and after acute heavy training [40,41].”
ResultComparison of Heart Rate Variability according to Performance in Elite Female Judo Athletes
Bae, M., Kim, H. C., & Park, K. (2020) · Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine · doi:10.13066/kspm.2020.15.1.11 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wijayasiri, U. K. D. C., Wimalasekere, S. W., Ishikawa, Y., Waidyasekara, H., & Sivayogan, S. (2023) · European Journal of Sport Sciences · doi:10.24018/ejsport.2023.2.6.97 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This shift of the sympatho-vagal balance causes sinus bradycardia in resting conditions and a slower increase in heart rate at any degree of submaximal oxygen uptake during intense physical activity (Uusitalo et al. , 1996, 2000).”
BackgroundEffet de l’entraînement aérobie sur la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque au repos
Gamelin, F.-X., Berthoin, S., & Bosquet, L. (2008) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2008.10.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Myllymäki, T. (2006) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Li, S., Zha, Y., Yan, X., Jia, J., Luo, Y., & Chi, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1579929 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, J. (2007) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcme.2007.04.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Many studies have reported the changes of HRV in relation to athletic activities.(29-35)”
BackgroundEsquivel, A. G., Torres, B. D. L. C., Salazar, M. A. G., Corrales, M. M., & Orellana, J. N. (2009) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Portillo, A., & Rodríguez, F. A. (2020) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-020-00054-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Place de l'interrogatoire dans le diagnostic de surentraînement
Flore, P., & Juvin, A. F. (2005) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2005.09.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Endocrinological and behavioural adaptations to experimentally induced physical stress in horses
de Graaf‐Roelfsema, E. (2007) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hynynen, E. (2011) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Carvalho, D., Goethel, M. F., Erblang, M., Vilas‐Boas, J. P., Pyne, D. B., Fernandes, R. J., & Lopes, P. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02369-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“When monitoring physical load in practical and research settings, HR and HRV measurements are employed to calibrate their training load and detect early signs of overtraining [21, 22].”
Arc‐Chagnaud, C., Dugué, B., Pla, R., Bouzigon, R., Bosquet, L., & Dupuy, O. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep092293 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…at rest, which were associated with increased fatigue and poor sleep quality (Al Haddad et al., 2009; Garet et al., 2004; Hynynen et al., 2006, 2010; Uusitalo et al., 2000) In this context, post-training cooling strategies might reduce the usual exercise-induced decrease in parasympatheticactivity.”
Variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco: ¿Por qué el caos puede ser saludable?
Cancino, J. (2011) · Pensar en Movimiento Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud · doi:10.15517/pensarmov.v9i1.389 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…parámetros de la VRC, se ha sugerido a esta herramienta como posible elemento de identificación del síndrome de sobreentrenamiento (Baumert et al., 2006; Hedelin, Bjerle, & Henriksson-Larsen, 2001; Hynynen, Uusitalo, Konttinen, & Rusko, 2006; Mourot et al., 2004; Uusitalo, Uusitalo, & Rusko, 2000).”
BackgroundThe Endocrine System in Overtraining
Snyder, A. C., & Hackney, A. C. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-314-5_27 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Classical Understanding of Overtraining Syndrome
Cadegiani, F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52628-3_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Selänne, H., Ryba, T. V., & Leppäluoto, J. (2013) · Athletic insight: online journal of sport psychology · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Variabilita srdeční frekvence v tréninkovém procesu: historie, současnost a perspektiva
Botek, M., Krejčí, J., & McKune, A. J. (2017) · doi:10.5507/ftk.16.24452029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wavelet Transform Analysis of Heart Rate to Assess Recovery Time for Long Distance Runners
Redlarski, G., Siebert, J., Krawczuk, M., Żak, A. J., Daniłowicz‐Szymanowicz, L., Doliński, Ł., Gutknecht, P. G., Trzeciak, B. G., Ratkowski, W., & Pałkowski, A. (2020) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics9122189 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Uusitalo, Uusitalo, & Rusko
- Affiliations
- Research Institute for Olympic Sports (FI)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-53
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W2015519643
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tays
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- overtraining, heart rate variability, blood pressure variability, female endurance athletes, head-up tilt, baroreflex, VO2max, RR interval variability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Posture, Exercise, Tilt-Table Test
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