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Cited by 214Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state

Achten, J., Halson, S. L., Moseley, L., Rayson, M. P., Casey, A., Jeukendrup, A. E.·2004·Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine whether consumption of a diet containing 8.5 g carbohydrate (CHO)·kg-1·day-1(high CHO; HCHO) compared with 5.4 g CHO·kg-1·day-1(control; Con) during a period of intensified training (IT) would result in better maintenance of physical performance and mood state. In a randomized cross-over design, seven trained runners [maximal O 2 uptake (V̇o 2 max) 64.7 ± 2.6 ml·kg-1·min-1] performed two 11-day trials consuming either the Con or the HCHO diet. The last week of both trials consisted of IT. Performance was measured with a preloaded 8-km all-out run on the treadmill and 16-km all-out runs outdoors. Substrate utilization was measured using indirect calorimetry and continuous [U-13 C]glucose infusion during 30 min of running at 58 and 77% V̇o 2 max. Time to complete 8 km was negatively affected by the IT: time significantly increased by 61 ± 23 and 155 ± 38 s in the HCHO and Con trials, respectively. The 16-km times were significantly increased (by 8.2 ± 2.1%) during the Con trial only. The Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes questionnaire showed significant deterioration in mood states in both trials, whereas deterioration in global mood scores, as assessed with the Profile of Mood States, was more pronounced in the Con trial. Scores for fatigue were significantly higher in the Con compared with the HCHO trial. CHO oxidation decreased significantly from 1.7 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.2 g/min over the course of the Con trial, which was completely accounted for by a decrease in muscle glycogen oxidation. These findings indicate that an increase in dietary CHO content from 5.4 to 8.5 g CHO·kg-1·day-1(41 vs. 65% total energy intake, respectively) allowed better maintenance of physical performance and mood state over the course of training, thereby reducing the symptoms of overreaching.

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Crossref · 10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003

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  • These studies used an extreme training volume to simulate a training camp situation, and after 1-2 weeks performance decreased in all groups.

    “However, it must be noted that these studies used an extreme training volume to simulate a training camp situation and the result after 1–2 weeks was a decreased performance in all groups.”

    From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [64]

  • In intensified training studies, carbohydrate supplementation and higher overall carbohydrate intake reduced performance decrements and overreaching symptoms despite more training work.

    “A consistent finding in these studies was that when athletes were supplemented with carbohydrates, and had a higher overall carbohydrate intake, reductions in performance were less profound and the symptoms of overreaching were reduced, despite the fact that they performed more work in training [64, 66].”

    From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [64]

  • In a simulated training camp with 1-2 weeks of intensified training, athletes experienced extreme fatigue and decreased performance by the end of the intensified training period.

    “We simulated a training camp scenario where athletes performed 1–2 weeks of intensified training, resulting in extreme fatigue and decreased performance by the end of the intensified training period [64, 66].”

    From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [64]

  • Carbohydrates reduce symptoms of fatigue and overreaching.

    “reduce symptoms of fatigue and overreaching [64–67]”

    From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [64]

  • High-fat diet microbiota can increase anxiety-like behaviour and neuro-inflammation and disrupt intestinal barrier function.

    “High-fat diet microbiota can increase anxiety-like behaviour and neuro-inflammation and disrupt intestinal barrier function [114].”

    From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [114]

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Related

Authors
Achten, J., Halson, S. L., Moseley, L., Rayson, M. P., Casey, A., & Jeukendrup, A. E.
Affiliations
University of Birmingham (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
2004-04
Volume
96
Issue
4
Pages
1331-1340
ISSN
  • 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
  • 8750-7587
  • 1522-1601
DOI
10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003
OpenAlex
W1976991948
Cited by
214
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
FWCI
3.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
dietary carbohydrates, high-carbohydrate diet, intensified training, overtraining, running performance, mood states, fatigue, carbohydrate oxidation, substrate utilization, endurance running, trained runners
MeSH terms
Adult, Affect, Catecholamines, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Physical Exertion, Heart Rate, Humans, Lipids, Male, Muscles, Osmolar Concentration, Pain, Physical Education and Training, Physical Endurance, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rest, Running, Self Concept, Cross-Over Studies, Lactic Acid

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