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Isolation of Three High Molecular Weight Polysaccharide Preparations with Potent Immunostimulatory Activity from Spirulina platensis,Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Abstract
This research describes the identification of three new high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations isolated from food-grade microalgae that are potent activators of human monocytes/macrophages: "Immulina" from Spirulina platensis, "Immunon" from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, and "Immurella" from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. These polysaccharides are structurally complex and have estimated molecular weights above ten million daltons. All three polysaccharides are highly water soluble and comprise between 0.5 % and 2.0 % of microalgal dry weight. Immunostimulatory activity was measured using a transcription factor-based bioassay for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation in THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages. Using this system the EC(50) values for these microalgal polysaccharides are between 20 and 110 ng/ml (about 10pM). THP-1 activation was confirmed by measuring immune cytokine mRNA induction using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Each polysaccharide substantially increased mRNA levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). These polysaccharides are between one hundred and one thousand times more active for in vitro monocyte activation than polysaccharide preparations that are currently used clinically for cancer immunotherapy.
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“A study in Denmark on experimental animals and humans testified that Immulina was highly active against Candida albicans and tetanus [76].”
From Application of Arthrospira platensis for Medicinal Purposes and the Food Industry: A Review of the Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
In the citing paper
“the high molecular weight polysaccharide Immulina has been reported have immunostimulatory activity [70–72] and increased IL-1β and TNF-α expression by inducing NF-kappa B pathway [72].”
From Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial‐Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly Spirulina (2017) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“High molecular weight polysaccharides from the fresh water Spirulina platensis and related species [120] were between one hundred and one thousand times more immuno-active than polysaccharide preparations from other biological sources that are used clinically for cancer immunotherapy.”
From Anticancer and Cancer Preventive Properties of Marine Polysaccharides: Some Results and Prospects (2013) · cites this paper as [120]
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Schepetkin, I. A., & Quinn, M. T. (2005) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2005.10.005 · Cited by 1,205
Microalgae Metabolites: A Rich Source for Food and Medicine
Sathasivam, R., Radhakrishnan, R., Hashem, A., & Abd_Allah, E. F. (2019) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.003 · Cited by 872
Pereira, S. B., Zille, A., Micheletti, E., Moradas‐Ferreira, P., Philippis, R. D., & Tamagnini, P. (2009) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00183.x · Cited by 660
Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae: an overview
Singh, S., Kate, B. N., & Banerjee, U. C. (2005) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388550500248498 · Cited by 619
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pugh, N., Ross, S., ElSohly, H., ElSohly, M., & Pasco*, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Venue
- Planta Medica
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 08
- Pages
- 737-742
- ISSN
- 0032-0943 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0221
- OpenAlex
- W2091116978
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Planta Medica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Fungal Biology and Applications
- Keywords
- high molecular weight polysaccharides, immune enhancement, microalgae, Spirulina platensis, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, monocyte/macrophage activation, NF-κB activation, THP-1 cells, IL-1β, TNF-α, cancer immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adjuvants, Immunologic, Cyanobacteria, Chlorella, Humans, Interleukin-1, Macrophages, Molecular Weight, Monocytes, Polysaccharides, Polysaccharides, Bacterial, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, NF-kappa B, Plant Preparations
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