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Cited by 189Seaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsPolysaccharides Composition and ApplicationsMarine Sponges and Natural Products

Anticancer and Cancer Preventive Properties of Marine Polysaccharides: Some Results and Prospects

Open access
Fedorov, Sergey, Ermakova, Svetlana, Zvyagintseva, Tatyana, Stonik, Valentin·2013·Marine Drugs
DOI 10.3390/md11124876PMC PMC3877892
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Abstract

Many marine-derived polysaccharides and their analogues have been reported as showing anticancer and cancer preventive properties. These compounds demonstrate interesting activities and special modes of action, differing from each other in both structure and toxicity profile. Herein, literature data concerning anticancer and cancer preventive marine polysaccharides are reviewed. The structural diversity, the biological activities, and the molecular mechanisms of their action are discussed.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes literature on marine polysaccharides—including fucoidans, laminarans, alginic acids, carrageenans, ulvans, and polysaccharides from microalgae, bacteria, fungi, and marine animals—as anticancer and cancer-preventive agents. It highlights preclinical activities such as antiproliferation, apoptosis induction, antiangiogenesis, antimetastasis, and immunostimulation, while noting unresolved structure-function questions and limited mechanistic/clinical clarity.

Key findings

  • Fucoidans from brown algae show anticancer and cancer-preventive effects in vitro and in vivo, including apoptosis, autophagy, antiangiogenesis, antimetastasis, and immunomodulation. For example, fucoidan from *F. evanescens* at 500 μg/mL was not cytotoxic in human malignant lymphoid MT-4 or Namalwa cells, but pretreatment of MT-4 cells followed by etoposide led to about a two-fold increase in the relative apoptotic index compared with etoposide alone.
  • Green algal polysaccharides showed antiproliferative and antitumor activity: a polysaccharide from *Caulerpa prolifera* inhibited HeLa cell proliferation by 36.3%–58.4% after 72 h, and two fractions from *Caulerpa racemosa* inhibited H22 tumor transplanted in mice with inhibition rates of 59.5%–83.8% (48 h) and 53.9% (14 days) at 100 mg/kg/day.
  • Carrageenan-related compounds have mixed profiles: degraded κ-carrageenans with lower molecular weights had better antioxidant properties, and carrageenan oligosaccharides from *Kappaphycus striatum* administered perorally for 14 days inhibited S180 tumor growth and enhanced immune parameters. However, harmful gastrointestinal effects of native and degraded carrageenans were reported, though later reviews concluded that perorally administered carrageenan was not carcinogenic and that prior toxicological doses exceeded human exposure by several magnitudes.
  • Other marine polysaccharides include laminarans (MW about 3–6 kDa; a high-molecular-weight laminaran of 19–27 kDa from *Eisenia bicyclis* inhibited colony formation of SK-Mel-28 and colon cancer DLD cells), seaweed supplementation that decreased urinary urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor concentration by about 50% in postmenopausal breast cancer patients, and *Spirulina platensis* preparations that decreased liver tumor incidence from 80% to 20% in a dibutyl nitrosamine model, although the polysaccharide contribution was unknown.

Methods

  • Narrative literature review; no primary experiments are reported. The paper reviews literature on anticancer and cancer-preventive marine polysaccharides, with particular attention to results from the last 10 years.
  • The review covers polysaccharides from brown algae (fucoidans, laminarans, alginic acids), red algae (carrageenans), green algae (ulvans), microalgae, marine bacteria and fungi, and marine animals, discussing structural diversity, biological activities, and molecular mechanisms.
  • No systematic search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quantitative synthesis is described.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: the structural diversity of fucoidans has not yet been sufficiently studied; the mechanism by which fucoidans inhibit tumor invasion/angiogenesis has not been clearly elucidated; further investigations are needed to determine the applicability of partly degraded carrageenans as cancer-preventive agents; there is little information on cancer-preventive and anticarcinogenic properties of polysaccharides from marine microalgae; and anticancer/cancer-preventive activities of polysaccharides from marine animals have been studied insufficiently.
  • Stated in the paper: fucoidan bioactivities depend on extraction and purification methods, seaweed species, plant part, harvest season, and developmental stage, which complicates comparisons across studies.
  • Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without systematic methods; many conclusions rely on in vitro and animal studies, with limited clinical trial evidence, and some cited effects (e.g., *Spirulina* liver tumor reduction) have unknown polysaccharide contribution.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/md11124876

Cites

159 of 159 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 213 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Oversulfated fucoidan induced apoptosis through caspase-3 and -7 activation.

    “These results indicated that oversulfated fucoidan induced apoptosis through caspase-3 and -7 activation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Teruya, 2007, Anti-proliferative activity of oversulfated fucoidan from commercially cultured Cladosiphon okamuranus TOKIDA in U937 cells, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Differences in mechanisms of apoptosis probably depend upon structural characteristics of fucoidans and type of cell lines.

    “The differences in the mechanisms of apoptosis probably depend upon the structural characteristics of fucoidans and the type of cell lines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Galactofucan from U. pinnatifida inhibited proliferation of PC-3, HeLa, A549, and HepG2 cells similarly to commercial fucoidan from F. vesiculosus.

    “Galactofucan from U. pinnatifida inhibited proliferation of prostate cancer PC-3, cervical cancer HeLa, alveolar carcinoma A549, and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in a similar pattern to the commercial fucoidan from F. vesiculosus [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Synytsya, 2010, Structure and antitumour activity of fucoidan isolated from sporophyll of Korean brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    MAPK pathways are involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis induced by fucoidans.

    “MAPK pathways are involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis induced by fucoidans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Pro-apoptotic effect of fucoidan from F. vesiculosus was mediated by activation of ERKs, p38 and blocking of PI3K/Akt signaling in HCT-15 cells.

    “Another group reported that the pro-apoptotic effect of fucoidan from F. vesiculosus was mediated by the activation of ERKs, p38 and by the blocking of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HCT-15 cells [42].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Hyun, 2009, Apoptosis inducing activity of fucoidan in HCT-15 colon carcinoma cells, Biol. Pharm. Bull. source

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  • May combine two claims. 54
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9

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    Premisecitation

    Sulfated polysaccharide from Ecklonia cava affected caspases-7 and -8 and controlled Bax and Bcl-xL.

    “Sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the enzymatic digest of Ecklonia cava had an effect on caspases-7 and -8 and controlled the cellular membrane molecules Bax and Bcl-xL [38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Athukorala, 2009, Antiproliferative activity of sulfated polysaccharide isolated from an enzymatic digest of Ecklonia cava on the U-937 cell line, J. Appl. Phycol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan from C. novae-caledonia kylin digested with abalone glycosidase reduced MMP-2/9 activities and decreased VEGF expression, with subsequent inhibition of invasion and suppression of tubule formation in tumor cells.

    “Fucoidan from C. novae-caledonia kylin digested with the abalone glycosidase was responsible for the reduction of MMP-2/9 activities and the decrease in VEGF expression with subsequent inhibition of invasion and suppression of tubules formation in tumor cells [54].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Ye, 2005, Enzyme-digested fucoidan extracts derived from seaweed Mozuku of Cladosiphon novae-caledoniae kylin inhibit invasion and angiogenesis of tumor cells, Cytotechnology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidans induce apoptosis of HT-29, HCT116, HCT-15 colon cancer cells, MCF-7, SK-Mel-28, T-47D, and human promyeloid leukemic cell lines.

    “Fucoidans were shown to induce apoptosis of some other cancer cells, for example HT-29, HCT116, and HCT-15 human colon cancer cells [42,43] as well as MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) [44], melanoma SK-Mel-28, breast cancer T-47D [45], and human promyeloid leukemic cell lines [46].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [42] Hyun, 2009, Apoptosis inducing activity of fucoidan in HCT-15 colon carcinoma cells, Biol. Pharm. Bull. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [43] Kim, 2010, Fucoidan present in brown algae induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells, BMC Gastroenterol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Yamasaki, 2009, Fucoidan induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8 on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] Vishchuk, 2011, Sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweeds Saccharina japonica and Undaria pinnatifida: isolation, structural characteristics, and antitumor activity, Carbohydr. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum induced activation of caspases-9 and -3 and cleavage of PARP, leading to apoptotic morphological changes and altered mitochondrial membrane permeability.

    “Fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum induced the activation of caspases-9 and -3 and the cleavage of PARP led to apoptotic morphological changes and altered the mitochondrial membrane permeability [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Foley, 2011, An unfractionated fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum: Extraction, characterization, and apoptotic effects in vitro, J. Nat. Prod. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidans have attracted attention as practically nontoxic natural products with antitumor, immunomodulatory, and other useful properties.

    “This research is necessary for the solution of problems of standardization of preparations on the basis of fucoidans, which have attracted attention as practically nontoxic natural products [25,26,27] with antitumor, immunomodulatory, and other useful properties [24,28,29,30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [25] Chung, 2010, Toxicological evaluation of fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida in vitro and in vivo, Phytother. Res. source

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    • cites [26] Kim, 2010, Genotoxicity studies on fucoidan from Sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida, Food Chem. Toxicol. source

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    • cites [27] Kim, 2010, A 4-week repeated oral dose toxicity study of fucoidan from the sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida in Sprague-Dawley rats, Toxicology source

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    • cites [24] Pomin, 2008, Structure, biology, evolution, and medical importance of sulfated fucans and galactans, Glycobiology source

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    • cites [28] Mizuno, 1995, Antitumor-active heteroglycans from niohshimeji mushroom, Tricholoma giganteum, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Vishchuk, 2013, The fucoidans from brown algae of Far-Eastern seas: Anti-tumor activity and structure-function relationship, Food Chem. source

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    • cites [30] Wijesekara, 2011, Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Cladosiphon fucoidan prevented attachment of Helicobacter pylori to gastric mucin and reduced risk of associated gastric cancer.

    “It was reported that Cladosiphon fucoidan prevented the attachment of Helicobacter pylori to the mucin of the gastric tract and, therefore, reduced the risk of associated gastric cancer [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Shibata, 2003, Preventive effects of Cladosiphon fucoidan against Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils, Helicobacter source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan from F. vesiculosus decreased phosphorylation of ERKs but not p38.

    “The fucoidan from F. vesiculosus clearly decreased the phosphorylation of ERKs but not p38 [47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Aisa, 2005, Fucoidan induces apoptosis of human HS-sultan cells accompanied by activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of ERK pathways, Am. J. Hematol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan from Sargassum filipendula showed antiproliferative activity on HeLa cells and induced apoptosis by mitochondrial release of AIF into cytosol, but did not activate caspases.

    “The fucoidan from Sargassum filipendula showed antiproliferative activity on HeLa cells [39] and induced apoptosis by mitochondrial release of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) into cytosol, but was not able to activate caspases [40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [39] Costa, 2011, Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of heterofucans from the seaweed Sargassum filipendula, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Costa, 2011, Heterofucan from Sargassum filipendula induces apoptosis in HeLa cells, Mar. Drugs source

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    Premisecitation

    Both preparations influenced translocation of membrane phospholipids and activated caspase-3 followed by apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro.

    “Flow cytometric analysis by Annexin V staining established that both preparations influenced the translocation of membrane phospholipids and activated caspase-3 followed by apoptosis of tumor cells in in vitro experiments [36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Ale, 2011, Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. and Fucus vesiculosus reduces cell viability of lung carcinoma and melanoma cells in vitro and activates natural killer cells in mice in vivo, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Some marine natural products have advantages due to availability, low toxicity, suitability for oral application, and variety of mechanisms of action.

    “Some of these marine natural products have advantages due to their availability, low toxicity, suitability for oral application as well as having a great variety of mechanisms of action [3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Kwak, H. (2011). Cellular and Genetic Practices for Translational Medicine, Research Signpost.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: In vitro and animal model results for marine polysaccharides predict effects in humans.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Marine polysaccharides differ from each other in structure and toxicity profile.

    “These compounds demonstrate interesting activities and special modes of action, differing from each other in both structure and toxicity profile.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Molecular mechanisms of anticancer and cancer preventive actions of fucoidans are complicated and may include inhibitory effects against cancer cell proliferation and induction of tumor cell apoptosis.

    “Thus, the molecular mechanisms of anticancer and cancer preventive actions of fucoidans are rather complicated and may include inhibitory effects against cancer cell proliferation and induction of tumor cells apoptosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Treatment of mouse breast cancer cells with fucoidan showed enhanced antitumor activity associated with decreased angiogenesis via down-regulation of VEGF and increased induction of apoptosis.

    “Treatment of mouse breast cancer cells with fucoidan showed that the enhanced antitumor activity was associated with decreased angiogenesis via the down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and increased induction of apoptosis [65].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Xue, 2012, Anticancer properties and mechanisms of fucoidan on mouse breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidans modulate the immune system and may induce functional maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

    “Fucoidans modulate the immune system and may induce functional maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) [61].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Yang, 2008, Fucoidan stimulation induces a functional maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, Int. Immunopharmacol. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Cancer preventive action of fucoidans includes anti-inflammatory, anti-adhesive, antioxidant, and antiviral effects as well as capability to bind heavy metals.

    “The cancer preventive action of fucoidans includes such useful properties as anti-inflammatory, anti-adhesive [72], antioxidant and antiviral effects [73,74,75,76] as well as their capability to bind heavy metals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [72] Cumashi, 2007, A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and antiadhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds, Glycobiology source

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    • cites [73] Hemmingson, 2006, Structure and antiviral activity of the galactofucans from Undaria pinnatifida, J. Appl. Phycol. source

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    • cites [74] Makarenkova, 2010, Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the brown alga Laminaria japonica against avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in the cultured cells, Vopr. Virusol.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [75] Wang, 2010, Potential antioxidant and anticoagulant capacity of low molecular weight fucoidan fractions extracted from Laminaria japonica, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

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    • cites [76] Zhu, 2003, Isolation and characterization of a sulfated polysaccharide from the brown alga Sargassum patens and determination of its anti-herpes activity, Biochem. Cell. Biol. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan acts as a scavenger receptor agonist and maturation is eliminated by pretreatment with TNF-neutralizing antibodies.

    “Thereby, fucoidan acts as a scavenger receptor agonist and maturation is eliminated by pretreatment with TNF-neutralizing antibodies [62].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] Jin, 2009, Ligand of scavenger receptor class A indirectly induces maturation of human blood dendritic cells via production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Blood source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan from S. cichorioides enhanced antiproliferative activity of resveratrol at nontoxic doses and facilitated resveratrol-induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells.

    “The fucoidan from S. cichorioides enhanced the antiproliferative activity of resveratrol at nontoxic doses and facilitated the resveratrol-induced apoptosis in the HCT116 cell line.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Vishchuk, 2013, The effect of sulfated (1→3)-alpha-l-fucan from the brown alga Saccharina cichorioides Miyabe on resveratrol-induced apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SR-A plays a crucial role in DC-mediated presentation of cancer antigens to T cells in human cancer cells, and fucoidan promoted DC maturation.

    “At a later date, it was confirmed that SR-A plays a crucial role in affecting the DC-mediated presentation of cancer antigens to T cells in human cancer cells, and it was also established that fucoidan promoted the DCs maturation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Hu, 2010, Fucoidin enhances dendritic cell-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity against NY-ESO-1 expressing human cancer cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Fucoidans stimulate immunity and inhibit angiogenesis.

    “In addition, these polysaccharides stimulate immunity and inhibit angiogenesis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidans suppressed UVB-induced MMP-1 expression and inhibited ERK activity in human skin fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner.

    “Fucoidans suppressed the UVB induced MMP-1 expression and inhibited ERKs activity in human skin fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [68] Moon, 2009, Fucoidan inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 promoter expression and down regulation of type I procollagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts, Eur. J. Dermatol. source

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    • cites [69] Moon, 2008, Fucoidan inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 expression in human skin fibroblasts, Biol. Pharm. Bull. source

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    • cites [70] Moon, 2009, Effect of Costaria costata fucoidan on expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter, mRNA, and protein, J. Nat. Prod. source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Ultraviolet irradiation induces skin aging and causes skin cancer.

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    Premisecitation

    In experiments with neoplastic transformation of JB6 mouse epidermal cells induced by EGF or TPA, inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation was followed by inhibition of some ERK activities, resulting in inhibition of AP-1 nuclear factor transactivation.

    “Actually, in experiments with neoplastic transformation of JB6 mouse epidermal cells induced by EGF or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate, a Russian-Korean group of scientists reported that inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation was followed by inhibition of the activities of some extracellular signal regulated kinases that resulted in the inhibition of AP-1 nuclear factor transactivation [66,67].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [66] Lee, 2008, Fucoidan from Laminaria cichorioides inhibits AP-1 transactivation and cell transformation in the mouse epidermal JB6 cells, Mol. Carcinog. source

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    • cites [67] Lee, 2008, Inhibitory effects of fucoidan on activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and cell transformation in JB6 Cl41 cells, Food Chem. Toxicol. source

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan from F. vesiculosus inhibited migration and invasion of human lung cancer cells, decreasing cytosolic and nuclear levels of kappa-B nuclear factor.

    “Fucoidan from F. vesiculosus inhibited the migration and the invasion of human lung cancer cells decreasing the cytosolic and nuclear levels of kappa-B nuclear factor [64].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Lee, 2012, Fucoidan from seaweed Fucus vesiculosus inhibits migration and invasion of human lung cancer cell via PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan enhanced cross-presentation of NY-ESO-1 cancer testis antigen to T cells and led to increased T-cell cytotoxicity against NY-ESO-1 human cancer cells.

    “It was found that fucoidan enhanced the cross-presentation of NY-ESO-1 cancer testis antigen to T cells and it led to the increase of T-cell cytotoxicity against NY-ESO-1 human cancer cells [63].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Hu, 2010, Fucoidin enhances dendritic cell-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity against NY-ESO-1 expressing human cancer cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidans inhibited MMP-1 promoter activity and increased type I procollagen mRNA and protein expression.

    “They inhibited significantly MMP-1 promoter activity and increased type I procollagen mRNA and protein expression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [68] Moon, 2009, Fucoidan inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 promoter expression and down regulation of type I procollagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts, Eur. J. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [69] Moon, 2008, Fucoidan inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 expression in human skin fibroblasts, Biol. Pharm. Bull. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [70] Moon, 2009, Effect of Costaria costata fucoidan on expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter, mRNA, and protein, J. Nat. Prod. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Ultraviolet irradiation induces skin aging and causes skin cancer.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Not only laminarans, but also other β-d-glucans from yeast, fungi, and cereals demonstrated anti-cytotoxic, anti-mutagenic, and anti-tumorigenic properties, making this class promising for health.

    “It is of special interest that not only laminarans, but also other β-d-glucans, isolated from yeast, fungi and cereals demonstrated anti-cytotoxic, anti-mutagenic, and anti-tumorigenic properties, making this class of polysaccharides a promising promoter of health [89].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [89] Mantovani, 2008, beta-Glucans in promoting health: prevention against mutation and cancer, Mutat. Res. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sulfated galactans such as agar, agarose, and carrageenans usually contain repeating disaccharides of β-(1→3)-linked and α-(1→4)-linked galactopyranosyl residues.

    “Sulfated galactans such as agar, agarose and carrageenans usually contain repeating disaccharides of β-(1→3)-linked and α-(1→4)-linked galactopyranosyl (Galp) residues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [92] Usov, 2011, Polysaccharides of the red algae, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    All carrageenans consist of either galactose or galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose units and differ in monosaccharide composition, sulfation level, sulfate positions, and molecular weights.

    “All carrageenans consist of either galactose or galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose monosaccharide units and differ from each other in monosaccharide composition, level of sulfation, positions of sulfate groups and molecular weights.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Alginic acids are linear polymers containing blocks of 1,4-linked β-d-polymannouronate and α-l-polyguluronate (M- and G-blocks).

    “These anionic polysaccharides were proved to be linear polymers containing blocks of 1,4-linked β-d-polymannouronate and α-l-polyguluronate (so-called M- and G-blocks) (Figure 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    κ-Carrageenans with lower molecular weights have better antioxidant properties and may be promising for cancer prevention.

    “Therefore, these results indicated that κ-carrageenans with lower molecular weights have better antioxidant properties and may be promising for cancer prevention [94].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] Sun, 2010, Degradation and antioxidant activity of κ-Carrageenans, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Laminaran carbohydrate chains are terminated with d-mannitol residues (M-chains) or contain glucopyranose residues only (G-chains).

    “Their carbohydrate chains are terminated with d-mannitol residues (so-called M-chains) or contain glucopyranose residues only (so-called G-chains) (Figure 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Usov, 1993, New data on the structure of laminaran from Chorda filum (L.) Lam. and reserve glycans from other brown algae, Russ. Chem. Bull. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Fucoidans may delay and decrease action of carcinogenesis factors such as tumor promoters (EGF, phorbol esters), defend against UV radiation, and inhibit tumor invasion by modulation of metalloproteinases.

    “Moreover, these compounds may delay and decrease the action of such factors of carcinogenesis as some tumor promoters (EGF, phorbol esters), defend against UV radiation and inhibit the tumor invasion by modulation of metalloproteinases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Laminaran sulfate inhibited heparanase enzymatic activity and reduced incidence of metastasis in experimental animals.

    “Laminaran sulfate inhibited heparanase enzymatic activity and reduced the incidence of metastasis in experimental animals [90].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90] Miao, 1999, Inhibition of heparanase activity and tumor metastasis by laminarin sulfate and synthetic phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides, Int. J. Cancer source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Tumor metastasis is connected with expression of heparanase, an endo-β-d-glucuronidase that degrades extracellular matrix and basement membrane.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Fucoidan may enable continuous administration of oxaliplatin plus 5FU/leucovorin and may prolong survival of patients.

    “Fucoidan may enable the continuous administration of such drugs as oxaliplatin plus 5FU/leucovorin and, as a result, may prolong the survival of patients [78].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Ikeguchi, 2011, Fucoidan reduces the toxicities of chemotherapy for patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer, Oncol. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: In vitro and animal model results for marine polysaccharides predict effects in humans.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This vaccine could effectively improve autoimmune response and protect against breast cancer in mice.

    “It was shown that this vaccine could effectively improve autoimmune response and protect against breast cancer in mice [91].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Liu, 2013, Alginic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with legumain DNA vaccine: effect against breast cancer in mice, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Laminarans are low molecular weight polysaccharides (MW about 3-6 kDa) consisting mainly of 1,3-linked β-d-glucopyranose residues with a small number of 1,6-bonded β-d-glucopyranose units in main and branching chains.

    “Laminarans are low molecular weight polysaccharides (MW about 3–6 kDa) consisting mainly of 1,3-linked β-d-glucopyranose residues with a small number of 1,6-bonded β-d-glucopyranose units in the main and the branching chains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Usov, 1993, New data on the structure of laminaran from Chorda filum (L.) Lam. and reserve glycans from other brown algae, Russ. Chem. Bull. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Some representatives of carrageenan class demonstrate properties connected with cancer prevention, mainly due to antiviral, antioxidant properties, and stimulation of antitumor immunity.

    “Some representatives of this polysaccharide class demonstrate properties connected with cancer prevention, mainly due to antiviral, antioxidant properties, and stimulation of antitumor immunity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Buck, 2006, Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of papillomavirus infection, PLoS Pathog. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: In vitro and animal model results for marine polysaccharides predict effects in humans.
    • Rests on an assumption: Certain sexually transmitted human papillomavirus types are associated with development of cervical cancer.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Increase of 1,6-linked glucose residues and decrease of molecular weight improved anticancer effect in this series.

    “The increase of the content of 1,6-linked glucose residues and the decrease of the molecular weight improved the anticancer effect in this series of substances [85].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Rioux, 2010, Structural characterization of laminaran and galactofucan extracted from the brown seaweed Saccharina longicruris, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Polysaccharides from green algae have strong immuno-modulatory potencies and antioxidant properties, suggesting their potential cancer preventive activity and future utilization as experimental immuno-stimulants.

    “The strong immuno-modulatory potencies as well as the antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from green algae suggest their potential cancer preventive activity and their future utilization as experimental immuno-stimulants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Degraded carrageenan induces colitis in rats in vivo and induces inflammation.

    “Later, it was confirmed that degraded carrageenan induces colitis in rats in vivo and induces inflammation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Benard, 2010, Degraded carrageenan causing colitis in rats induces TNF secretion and ICAM-1 upregulation in monocytes through NF-kappaB activation, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ulvans from Ulva pertusa significantly stimulated immunity, inducing considerable amounts of nitric oxide and cytokine production.

    “Ulvans from Ulva pertusa had little cytotoxicity against tumor cells, but significantly stimulated immunity, inducing considerable amounts of nitric oxide and cytokine production [111].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Tabarsa, 2012, Molecular characteristics and immunomodulatory activities of water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa, J. Med. Food source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Blue green algal polysaccharides were immuno-active and showed antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties.

    “In addition, blue green algal polysaccharides were immuno-active and showed antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties [115].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [115] 2013, Bioactivity and applications of sulphated polysaccharides from marine microalgae, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oxidative stress can lead to cancer and some antioxidant marine products proved to be chemopreventive antitumor agents.

    “For example, it is known that oxidative stress can lead to cancer and some antioxidant marine products proved to be chemopreventive antitumor agents [122].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [122] Park, 2013, Antioxidant marine products in cancer chemoprevention, Antioxid. Redox Signal. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There are several reports concerning antioxidant activities of ulvans in experimental D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats.

    “There are several reports concerning the antioxidant activities of ulvans in experimental D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats [112,113].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [112] Devaki, 2009, Stabilization of mitochondrial and microsomal function by polysaccharide of Ulva lactuca on d-galactosamine induced hepatitis in rats, Chem. Biol. Interact. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [113] Sathivel, 2008, Anti-peroxidative and anti-hyperlipidemic nature of Ulva lactuca crude polysaccharide on d-galactosamine induced hepatitis in rats, Food Chem. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sulfated polysaccharides from the marine microalga Cochlodinium polykrikoides showed significant in vitro antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus and absence of a cytotoxic effect directed against the host cells.

    “For example, sulfated polysaccharides from the marine microalga Cochlodinium polykrikoides showed a significant in vitro antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus and absence of a cytotoxic effect directed against the host cells [117].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [117] Hasui, 1995, In vitro antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides from a marine microalga (Cochlodinium polykrikoides) against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polysaccharides isolated from various microalgae ranging from diatoms to green-blue algae demonstrated different activities, although direct anticancer properties were rarely reported.

    “Polysaccharides isolated from various microalgae ranging from diatoms to green-blue algae demonstrated different activities, although direct anticancer properties were rarely reported [91].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Liu, 2013, Alginic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with legumain DNA vaccine: effect against breast cancer in mice, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In vitro, degraded carrageenan preparation inhibited proliferation of THP-1 cells and arrested the cells in the G1 phase.

    “However, in experiments in vitro, the preparation inhibited proliferation of THP-1 cells and arrested the cells in the G1 phase [100].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Benard, 2010, Degraded carrageenan causing colitis in rats induces TNF secretion and ICAM-1 upregulation in monocytes through NF-kappaB activation, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cancer preventive compounds may stimulate anticancer immunity, inhibit inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor invasion, or protect from UV-radiation damage.

    “Cancer preventive compounds may stimulate anticancer immunity, inhibit inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor invasion, or protect from UV-radiation damage [144,145,146,147].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [144] Surh, 1999, Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic compounds, Mutat. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [145] Pan, 2008, Chemopreventive effects of natural dietary compounds on cancer development, Chem. Soc. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [146] Cerella, 2010, Targeting COX-2 expression by natural compounds: A promising alternative strategy to synthetic COX-2 inhibitors for cancer chemoprevention and therapy, Biochem. Pharmacol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [147] Schumacher, 2011, Gold from the sea: Marine compounds as inhibitors of the hallmarks of cancer, Biotechnol. Adv. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Polysaccharide anticancer and cancer preventive substances demonstrate a wide variety of useful properties and mechanisms of action, including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis.

    “Polysaccharide anticancer and cancer preventive substances demonstrate a wide variety of useful properties and mechanisms of action, including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, etc.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Numerous polysaccharides have been isolated from different marine organisms ranging from marine bacteria to marine animals, and several dozen of them have attracted attention as promising anticancer and cancer preventive substances.

    “To date, numerous polysaccharides have been isolated from different marine organisms ranging from marine bacteria to marine animals and several dozen of them have attracted attention as promising anticancer and cancer preventive substances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polysaccharide B1 from the marine Pseudomonas sp. demonstrated cytotoxicity against tumor cells, being more active to the central nervous system and lung cancer cell lines.

    “Polysaccharide B1 from the marine Pseudomonas sp. has repeating units as -2)-β-d-Galp(4-sulfate)(1,4)[β-d-Glcp(1,6)]-β-d-Galp(3-sulfate)(1- and demonstrated cytotoxicity against tumor cells, being more active to the central nervous system and lung cancer cell lines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [126] Matsuda, 2003, Structural revision of sulfated polysaccharide B-1 isolated from a marine Pseudomonas species and its cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, Mar. Biotechnol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SC-FUC pretreatment could alleviate ethanol-induced histological damage, reverse changes in tissue oxidation and antioxidase activities, and regulate the signaling pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases and matrix metalloproteinases.

    “Moreover, SC-FUC pretreatment could alleviate ethanol-induced histological damage, reverse changes in tissue oxidation and antioxidase activities, and regulate the signaling pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases and matrix metalloproteinases [153].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [153] Wang, 2012, Protective effect of sea cucumber (Acaudina molpadioides) fucoidan against ethanol-induced gastric damage, Food Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The sulfated polysaccharide conjugate from viscera of abalone Heliotis discus hannai, administered at doses of 1-40 mg/kg to mice, inhibited tumor growth and increased lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity and antibody production.

    “The sulfated polysaccharide conjugate from viscera of abalone Heliotis discus hannai, administered at doses of 1–40 mg/kg to mice inhibited tumor growth and increased lymphocyte proliferation, as well as natural killer cell activity and antibody production.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [142] Suna, 2010, Purification and bioactivity of a sulfated polysaccharide conjugate from viscera of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino, Food Agric. Immunol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    These biopolymers and their derivatives frequently show radical scavenging, antiviral, and immuno-stimulatory properties.

    “These biopolymers and their derivatives frequently show radical scavenging, antiviral, and immuno-stimulatory properties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Preincubation with mytilan, a polysaccharide isolated from the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus, was followed by normalization of activity indicators of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and by reduction of the number of morphological defects of marine invertebrates larvae after UV-irradiation.

    “Preincubation with mytilan, a polysaccharide isolated from the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus, was followed by a normalization of the activity indicators of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and by a reduction of the number of morphological defects of the marine invertebrates larvae after UV-irradiation [148].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] Kiprushina, 2010, Effect of mytilan on the UV-radiation resistance of marine invertebrate larvae and human lymphocytes, Russ. J. Mar. Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extract from the deep-sea water Spirulina maxima effectively suppressed the expression of Bcl2 in A549 cells and inhibited viability of other human cancer cells.

    “Another example concerns the extract from the deep-sea water Spirulina maxima, which effectively suppressed the expression of Bcl2 in A549 cells and inhibited viability of other human cancer cells [124].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [124] Choi, 2013, Enhancement of immune activation activities of Spirulina maxima grown in deep-sea water, Int. J. Mol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polysaccharides from marine animals demonstrate diverse biological properties, including anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidative, neuroprotective, and antiviral activity.

    “These compounds demonstrate diverse biological properties, including anticoagulant and antitrombotic [131,132,133], antioxidative [134], neuroprotective [135,136], and antiviral activity as well [8,137].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [131] Pomin, 2012, Structure versus anticoagulant and antithrombotic actions of marine sulfated polysaccharides, Braz. J. Pharmacogn. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [132] Luo, 2013, Comparison of physicochemical characteristics and anticoagulant activities of polysaccharides from three sea cucumbers, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [133] Chen, 2013, Sulfation pattern of the fucose branch is important for the anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates, Biochim. Biophys. Acta source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [134] Zhang, 2013, The antioxidant activities and neuroprotective effects of polysaccharides from the starfish Asterias rollestoni, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [135] Zhang, 2010, Enchancing effect of a sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus sulfated polysaccharide on neurosphere formation in vitro, J. Biosci. Bioeng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [136] Sheng, 2011, Morphological transformation and proliferation of rat astrocytes as induced by sulfated polysaccharides from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus, Neurosci. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    As a consequence of their antiselectin activity, these polysaccharides attenuated metastasis and inflammation.

    “As a consequence of their antiselectin activity, these polysaccharides attenuated metastasis and inflammation [150,151,152].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [150] Borsig, 2007, Selectin bloking activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber. Effect on tumor metastasis and neutrophil recruitment, J. Biol. Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [151] Kawashima, 2002, Oversulfated chondroitin/dermatan sulfates containing glcabeta1/iodaalpha1-3galnac(4,6-o-disulfate) interact with L- and P-selectin and chemokines, J. Biol. Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [152] Wang, 2002, Heparin’s anti-inflammatory effects require glucosamine 6-o-sulfation and are mediated by blockade of L- and P-selectins, J. Clin. Invest. source

      Not checked in the free run.

57 of 57

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In vitro and animal model results for marine polysaccharides predict effects in humans.

    “In the majority of cases, molecular mechanisms of anticancer and cancer preventive actions of fucoidans were established by in vitro studies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ultraviolet irradiation induces skin aging and causes skin cancer.

    “Ultraviolet irradiation is known to induce skin aging and cause skin cancer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    VEGF is an angiogenic factor.

    “VEGF is a known angiogenic factor.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Tumor metastasis is connected with expression of heparanase, an endo-β-d-glucuronidase that degrades extracellular matrix and basement membrane.

    “Tumor metastasis is connected with expression of heparanase, an endo-β-d-glucuronidase that degrades the main polysaccharide constituent of the extracellular matrix and the basement membrane.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Certain sexually transmitted human papillomavirus types are associated with development of cervical cancer.

    “As is known, certain sexually transmitted human papillomavirus types are associated with the development of cervical cancer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Marine green algae have been less studied than brown and red algae as sources of polysaccharides with anticancer and cancer preventive properties.

    “Among marine macrophytes, marine green algae have been less studied in comparison to brown and red algae as sources of polysaccharides with anticancer and cancer preventive properties.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is little information concerning cancer preventive and anticarcinogenic properties of polysaccharides from marine microalgae.

    “There is little information concerning cancer preventive and anticarcinogenic properties of polysaccharides from marine microalgae, although these organisms have been used for a long time as food for humans, particularly Arthrospira (the former name Spirulina) and Porphyridium.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Anticancer and cancer preventive activities of polysaccharides from marine animals have been studied insufficiently.

    “However, anticancer and cancer preventive activities of the polysaccharides from marine animals have been studied insufficiently.”
8 of 8

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Photodynamic-therapy result cites a laminaran-structure paper

    Minor

    The photodynamic-therapy result is attributed to [86], whose title identifies it as a study of Eisenia bicyclis laminaran. Reference [87] is the listed study of β-glucans and photodynamic therapy in mice.

  • Microalgae claim cites an alginic-acid vaccine paper

    Minor

    The cited reference [91] is about alginic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles and a DNA vaccine, rather than polysaccharides isolated from various microalgae.

  • Eisenia laminaran study cites a Saccharina paper

    Minor

    The cited reference [85] concerns laminaran from Saccharina longicruris, not the Eisenia bicyclis laminaran described here. The Eisenia study appears as reference [86].

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 160 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Usov, 1998, Polysaccharides of algae. 53. Brown alga Laminaria cicchorioides, Bioorg. Khim., 24, 382

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Fedorov, S., Ermakova, S., Zvyagintseva, T., & Stonik, V.
Affiliations
  • Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. GB Elyakova Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
  • G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
Corresponding author
Stonik, Valentin
ORCID
Venue
Marine Drugs
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2013-12-02
Volume
11
Issue
12
Pages
4876-4901
ISSN
1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/md11124876
PMC
PMC3877892
OpenAlex
W2034465112
Semantic Scholar
09dc5528c3b6ec3081b309fec268a4ea5e1be67b
Cited by
189
References
160
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8
FWCI
14.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Marine Sponges and Natural Products
Keywords
marine polysaccharides, anticancer activity, cancer prevention, structural diversity, molecular mechanisms of action, toxicity profile
MeSH terms
Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Biological Products, Humans, Neoplasms, Polysaccharides, Structure-Activity Relationship

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

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