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Cited by 256Seaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsAlgal biology and biofuel productionFood Science and Nutritional Studies

Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial‐Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly Spirulina

Open access
Finamore, Alberto, Palmery, Maura, Bensehaila, Sarra, Peluso, Ilaria·2017·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
DOI 10.1155/2017/3247528PMC PMC5274660
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Abstract

The highly nutritional and ecofriendly Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis ) has hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antihypertensive properties. Spirulina contains functional compounds, such as phenolics, phycocyanins, and polysaccharides, with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and immunostimulating effects. Studies conducted on Spirulina suggest that it is safe in healthy subjects, but attitude to eating probably affects the acceptability of Spirulina containing foods. Although the antioxidant effect of Spirulina is confirmed by the intervention studies, the concerted modulation of antioxidant and inflammatory responses, suggested by in vitro and animal studies, requires more confirmation in humans. Spirulina supplements seem to affect more effectively the innate immunity, promoting the activity of natural killer cells. The effects on cytokines and on lymphocytes’ proliferation depend on age, gender, and body weight differences. In this context, ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis. Microbial‐modulating activities have been reported in vitro, suggesting that the association of Spirulina and probiotics could represent a new strategy to improve the growth of beneficial intestinal microbiota. Although Spirulina might represent a functional food with potential beneficial effects on human health, the human interventions used only supplements. Therefore, the effect of food containing Spirulina should be evaluated in the future.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review concludes that Spirulina is a safe, ecofriendly functional food with antioxidant, immunomodulating, and microbiota-modulating potential, but human evidence comes mainly from supplements and requires confirmation. It highlights confirmed antioxidant effects and innate immune/NK stimulation, while noting that concerted antioxidant-inflammatory modulation and food-based efficacy remain unproven in humans.

Key findings

  • In a cited meta-analysis of 7 RCTs, Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (−46.76 mg/dL, p < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (−41.32 mg/dL, p < 0.001), and triglycerides (−44.23 mg/dL, p < 0.001), and increased HDL cholesterol (+6.06 mg/dL, p = 0.001).
  • Human intervention studies (17 studies; duration 7 days–12 months; 8–169 participants; doses 1–20 g/day) showed improved redox markers in healthy subjects, elderly, runners, COPD, and T2D patients, but effects on cytokines/lymphocyte proliferation varied by age, gender, and body weight; NK cytotoxic activity increased after 7 days and 8 weeks.
  • Microbial-modulating activity is mainly in vitro/animal: Spirulina inhibits some Gram-positive/negative bacteria and promotes lactic acid bacteria/Bifidobacterium growth; in mice, the gut microbiota of the Spirulina-fed group was 70% similar to controls, with reduced Bifidobacterium animalis and increased Clostridium irregulare.
  • Safety/acceptability: FDA categorizes Arthrospira products as GRAS; rare severe effects include rhabdomyolysis after 3 g/day for 1 month, anaphylaxis, autoimmune skin damage, and hepatotoxicity; acceptability varied by product and Spirulina percentage, with only biscuits containing Spirulina or phycocyanin showing similar acceptability to control.

Methods

  • Narrative review of literature on Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), including in vitro, animal, and human studies, focused on antioxidant, immunomodulating, and microbial-modulating activities.
  • Human evidence summarized in Table 3: 17 studies of long-term Spirulina or Immulina, mostly longitudinal/parallel, two crossover; populations included healthy, elderly, runners, children, HIV-infected, T2D, allergic rhinitis, and COPD patients.
  • Qualitative synthesis; lipid effects are drawn from a cited meta-analysis of 7 RCTs; no new primary data or formal systematic review methods are reported.

Limitations

  • Stated: human interventions used only supplements, so efficacy of Spirulina-containing foods is unknown; only Immulina among bioactive molecules has been tested in humans; more studies are needed for species-specific effects and for concerted antioxidant/inflammatory modulation in humans.
  • Stated: effects on cytokines and lymphocyte proliferation are contrasting and depend on age, gender, and body weight.
  • Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search/quality assessment; included human studies are heterogeneous in design, dose, duration, population, and biomarkers, and many mechanistic claims rest on in vitro/animal data.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1155/2017/3247528

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 95 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    Human interventions with Spirulina used only supplements.

    “the human interventions used only supplements”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    In other studies, both higher and lower levels of acceptability of foods with Spirulina were reported.

    “In the other studies, both higher and lower levels of acceptability were reported (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Among bioactive molecules from Spirulina, only Immulina has been tested in humans.

    “among bioactive molecules from Spirulina (Table 1) only Immulina has been tested in humans (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    No data are available on the efficacy of Spirulina containing foods.

    “no data are available on the efficacy of Spirulina containing foods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The tested doses (1-20 g/day) in human studies were not greater than the maximum acceptable percentage (10%) of Spirulina in functional foods.

    “Although the tested doses (1–20 g/day) in these studies (Table 3) were not greater than the maximum acceptable percentage (10%) of Spirulina in functional foods (Table 2)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Spirulina contains phenolic phytochemicals and C-phycocyanin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

    “Spirulina contains many functional bioactive ingredients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, including phenolic phytochemicals [25, 26] and the phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin [27].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [25] Machu L. Misurcova L. Ambrozova J. V. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in algal food products Molecules 2015 20 1 1118 1133 10.3390/molecules20011118 2-s2.0-84921653043 25587787 PMC6272319 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Jensen G. S. Attridge V. L. Beaman J. L. Guthrie J. Ehmann A. Benson K. F. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of an aqueous cyanophyta extract derived from arthrospira platensis: contribution to bioactivities by the non-phycocyanin aqueous fraction Journal of Medicinal Food 2015 18 5 535 541 10.1089/jmf.2014.0083 2-s2.0-84929994790 25764268 PMC4410834 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Riss J. Décordé K. Sutra T. Phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis is powerfully responsible for reducing oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2007 55 19 7962 7967 10.1021/jf070529g 2-s2.0-34948812370 17696484 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis.

    “ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [140] Magrone T. Jirillo E. The interaction between gut microbiota and age-related changes in immune function and inflammation Immunity and Ageing 2013 10 1, article no. 31 10.1186/1742-4933-10-31 2-s2.0-84880976146 PMC3848811 23915308 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [141] Magrone T. Jirillo E. Childhood obesity: immune response and nutritional approaches Frontiers in Immunology 2015 6, article 76 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00076 2-s2.0-84926612652 PMC4338791 25759691 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [142] Andersen C. J. Murphy K. E. Fernandez M. L. Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity Advances in Nutrition 2016 7 1 66 75 10.3945/an.115.010207 26773015 PMC4717890 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Peluso I. Romanelli L. Palmery M. Interactions between prebiotics, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols: diet or supplementation for metabolic syndrome prevention? International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2014 65 3 259 267 10.3109/09637486.2014.880670 2-s2.0-84898456923 24467635 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The concerted modulation of antioxidant and inflammatory responses suggested by in vitro and animal studies requires more confirmation in humans.

    “the concerted modulation of antioxidant and inflammatory responses, suggested by in vitro and animal studies, requires more confirmation in humans”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Spirulina could modulate immune function, reducing inflammation without inhibiting the innate immune defences.

    “Therefore, Spirulina could modulate immune function, reducing inflammation without inhibiting the innate immune defences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The results of acceptability studies were affected by the type of product, by the percentage of Spirulina and by the type of panelists.

    “The results were affected by the type of product, by the percentage of Spirulina and by the type of panelists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Spirulina supplementation reduces plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides and elevates HDL cholesterol in humans.

    “the results of a recent meta-analysis [11] of 7 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) showed a significant effect of supplementation with Spirulina in reducing plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (−46.76 mg/dL, p < 0.001), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (−41.32 mg/dL, p < 0.001), and triglycerides (−44.23 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and elevating those of HDL cholesterol (+6.06 mg/dL, p = 0.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Serban M.-C. Sahebkar A. Dragan S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations Clinical Nutrition 2016 35 4 842 851 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.09.007 2-s2.0-84945529141 26433766 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Immulina has immunostimulatory activity and increases IL-1β and TNF-α expression by inducing NF-kappa B pathway.

    “the high molecular weight polysaccharide Immulina has been reported have immunostimulatory activity [70–72] and increased IL-1β and TNF-α expression by inducing NF-kappa B pathway [72].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [70] Pugh N. Ross S. A. ElSohly H. N. ElSohly M. A. Pasco D. S. Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa Planta Medica 2001 67 8 737 742 10.1055/s-2001-18358 2-s2.0-0034756854 11731916 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] Grzanna R. Polotsky A. Phan P. V. Pugh N. Pasco D. Frondoza C. G. Immolina, a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction of spirulina, enhances chemokine expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2006 12 5 429 435 10.1089/acm.2006.12.429 2-s2.0-33745932658 16813506 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [72] Balachandran P. Pugh N. D. Ma G. Pasco D. S. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent activation of monocytes by Spirulina polysaccharide and its immune enhancing action in mice International Immunopharmacology 2006 6 12 1808 1814 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.001 2-s2.0-33749672490 17052671 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Spirulina may be useful to improve animal and human health by changing the gut microbiota composition and promoting beneficial bacterial growth.

    “All these evidences suggest that Spirulina may be useful to improve animal and human health changing the gut microbiota composition and promoting beneficial batcterial growth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    C-phycocyanin inhibits NF-kB and induces Nrf2 activation in pancreatic β-cell INS-1.

    “In particular, C-phycocyanin was able to inhibit NF-kB [54] and induced Nrf2 activation in pancreatic β-cell INS-1 [55].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [54] Saini M. K. Sanyal S. N. Cell cycle regulation and apoptotic cell death in experimental colon carcinogenesis: intervening with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors Nutrition and Cancer 2015 67 4 620 636 10.1080/01635581.2015.1015743 2-s2.0-84929128442 25825916 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Gao Y. Liu C. Wan G. Wang X. Cheng X. Ou Y. Phycocyanin prevents methylglyoxal-induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in INS-1 cells by Nrf2 Food and Function 2016 7 2 1129 1137 10.1039/c5fo01548k 2-s2.0-84959330334 26805012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    C-phycocyanin exerts antioxidant activity by regulating antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPX and inhibiting COX-2 and iNOS gene expression in cellular models.

    “in cellular models it exerted the antioxidant activity also regulating the antioxidant enzymes activity, such as SOD, CAT, and GPX [58] and inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) [63] and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression [63].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [58] Bermejo-Bescós P. Piñero-Estrada E. Villar del Fresno Á. M. Neuroprotection by Spirulina platensis protean extract and phycocyanin against iron-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells Toxicology in Vitro 2008 22 6 1496 1502 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.05.004 2-s2.0-49149083439 18572379 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [63] Chen J.-C. Liu K. S. Yang T.-J. Hwang J.-H. Chan Y.-C. Lee I.-T. Spirulina and C-phycocyanin reduce cytotoxicity and inflammation-related genes expression of microglial cells Nutritional Neuroscience 2012 15 6 252 256 10.1179/2521476830512Y.0000000020 2-s2.0-84871210737 22687570

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  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Antioxidant activity accounts for the protective role of Spirulina against toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride, metals, deltamethrin, and drugs in animal models.

    “It has been suggested that the antioxidant activity accounts for the protective role of Spirulina against the toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) [40], by metals (arsenic, mercuric chloride, chromium, cadmium, and fluoride) [34, 41–44], by the insecticide deltamethrin in mice [39] and rats [45]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [40] Kepekçi R. A. Polat S. Çelik A. Bayat N. Saygideger S. D. Protective effect of Spirulina platensis enriched in phenolic compounds against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 Food Chemistry 2013 141 3 1972 1979 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.107 2-s2.0-84879050404 23870917 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Banji D. Banji O. J. F. Pratusha N. G. Annamalai A. R. Investigation on the role of Spirulina platensis in ameliorating behavioural changes, thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in offspring of pregnant rats exposed to fluoride Food Chemistry 2013 140 1-2 321 331 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.076 2-s2.0-84875047779 23578649 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Bashandy S. A. E. El Awdan S. A. Ebaid H. Alhazza I. M. Antioxidant potential of Spirulina platensis mitigates oxidative stress and reprotoxicity induced by sodium arsenite in male rats Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 2016 8 7174351 10.1155/2016/7174351 2-s2.0-84962820653 PMC4737466 26881036 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] El-Desoky G. E. Bashandy S. A. Alhazza I. M. Al-Othman Z. A. Aboul-Soud M. A. M. Yusuf K. Improvement of mercuric chloride-induced testis injuries and sperm quality deteriorations by Spirulina platensis in rats PLOS ONE 2013 8 3 e59177 10.1371/journal.pone.0059177 2-s2.0-84875514073 PMC3610915 23555627 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [43] Elshazly M. O. Abd El-Rahman S. S. Morgan A. M. Ali M. E. The remedial efficacy of spirulina platensis versus chromium-induced nephrotoxicity in male sprague-dawley rats PLoS ONE 2015 10 6 0126780 10.1371/journal.pone.0126780 2-s2.0-84934894494 PMC4450866 26029926 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Karadeniz A. Cemek M. Simsek N. The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2009 72 1 231 235 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.021 2-s2.0-54049103275 18395256 source

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    • cites [39] Abdel-Daim M. El-Bialy B. E. Rahman H. G. A. Radi A. M. Hefny H. A. Hassan A. M. Antagonistic effects of Spirulina platensis against sub-acute deltamethrin toxicity in mice: biochemical and histopathological studies Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 2016 77 79 85 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.12.003 2-s2.0-84954521185 26796269 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Spirulina biomass has a stimulatory effect on the growth and/or increases the survival of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, and Streptococcus thermophilus.

    “Spirulina biomass has a stimulatory effect on the growth (during fermentation) and/or increases the survival (during storage) of Bifidobacterium [23, 24], Lactobacillus acidophilus [24, 76], Lactobacillus bulgaricus [79–81], Lactobacillus casei [76], and Streptococcus thermophilus [23, 76, 79, 80, 82].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [23] Varga L. Szigeti J. Kovács R. Földes T. Buti S. Influence of a Spirulina platensis biomass on the microflora of fermented ABT milks during storage (R1) Journal of Dairy Science 2002 85 5 1031 1038 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74163-5 2-s2.0-0036559819 12086036 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Mocanu G. Botez E. Nistor O. V. Andronoiu D. G. Vlăsceanu G. Influence of Spirulina platensis biomass over some starter culture of lactic bacteria Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies 2013 19 4 474 479

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Bhowmik D. Dubey J. Mehra S. Probiotic efficiency of Spirulina platensis—stimulating growth of lactic acid bacteria World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences 2009 4 2 160 163

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [79] Malik P. Kempanna C. Murthy N. Anjum A. Quality characteristics of yoghurt enriched with Spirulina powder Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2013 47 2 354 359

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [80] Fadaei V. Mohamadi-Alasti F. Khosravi-Darani K. Influence of Spirulina platensis powder on the starter culture viability in probiotic yoghurt containing spinach during cold storage European Journal of Experimental Biology 2013 3 3 389 393

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [81] Akalin A. S. Ünal G. Dalay M. C. Influence of Spirulina platensis biomass on microbiological viability in traditional and probiotic yogurts during refrigerated storage Italian Journal of Food Science 2009 21 3 357 364 2-s2.0-73249126731

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The FDA categorized Arthrospira products as GRAS for human consumption, and the DSI-EC concluded that there is not a serious risk to health with consumption of Spirulina.

    “The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized Arthrospira products as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) for human consumption and the Dietary Supplements Information Expert Committee (DSI-EC) concluded that there is not a serious risk to health with consumption of Spirulina [114].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [114] Marles R. J. Barrett M. L. Barnes J. United states pharmacopeia safety evaluation of spirulina Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2011 51 7 593 604 10.1080/10408391003721719 2-s2.0-79960865357 21793723 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Spirulina improves oxidative stress markers and NK activity in healthy subjects and CD4+ count in HIV+ patients.

    “Furthermore, Spirulina improves oxidative stress markers and NK activity in healthy subjects and CD4+ count in HIV+ patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The increase in lymphocytes was observed in HIV-positive, but not in HIV-negative undernourished children.

    “Accordingly, the increase in lymphocytes was observed in HIV-positive, but not in HIV-negative undernourished children [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Simpore J. Zongo F. Kabore F. Nutrition rehabilitation of HIV-infected and HIV-negative undernourished children utilizing spirulina Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2005 49 6 373 380 10.1159/000088889 2-s2.0-28844480478 16219988 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NK cytotoxic activity increased after both 7 days and 8 weeks of Spirulina or Spirulina-derived Immulina supplementation.

    “NK cytotoxic activity increased after both 7 days [96] and 8 weeks [94] of Spirulina or Spirulina-derived Immulina supplementation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [96] Nielsen C. H. Balachandran P. Christensen O. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects by Immulina®, a Spirulina extract enriched for Braun-type lipoproteins Planta Medica 2010 76 16 1802 1808 10.1055/s-0030-1250043 2-s2.0-78349248314 20560112 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Hirahashi T. Matsumoto M. Hazeki K. Saeki Y. Ui M. Seya T. Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis International Immunopharmacology 2002 2 4 423 434 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00166-7 2-s2.0-0036175894 11962722 source

      Not checked in the free run.

16 of 16

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 145 · Cited by 256

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Iyer Uma M., 1999, Glycemic and lipemic responses of selected Spirulina supplemented rice-based recipes in normal subjects, International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 19, 17
  2. Mocanu G., 2013, Influence of Spirulina platensis biomass over some starter culture of lactic bacteria, Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies, 19, 474
  3. Bensehaila S., 2015, The nutritional quality of Spirulina platensis of Tamenrasset, Algeria, African Journal of Biotechnology, 14, 1649
  4. 10.1007/128-2012-340 · DOI
  5. 10.1179/2521476830512Y.0000000020 · DOI
  6. Tang Y., 2014, Extraction of polysaccharides from Spirulina with boiling water, Agricultural Science and Technology, 15, 1043
  7. Fadaei V., 2013, Influence of Spirulina platensis powder on the starter culture viability in probiotic yoghurt containing spinach during cold storage, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3, 389
  8. Malik P., 2013, Quality characteristics of yoghurt enriched with spirulina powder, Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 47, 354

Authors
Finamore, A., Palmery, M., Bensehaila, S., & Peluso, I.
Affiliations
  • Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (IT)
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef (DZ)
Corresponding author
Peluso, Ilaria
ORCID
Venue
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-01
Volume
2017
Issue
1
Pages
3247528-3247528
ISSN
  • 1942-0994 (ISSN-L)
  • 1942-0900
DOI
10.1155/2017/3247528
PMC
PMC5274660
OpenAlex
W2571612726
Semantic Scholar
ac90079dda5f4dd76dadb81d105e57a21197729d
Cited by
256
References
145
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 3
FWCI
1.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
Keywords
Spirulina, Spirulina platensis, antioxidant activity, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory activity, phycocyanin, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, natural killer cells, innate immunity, cytokines, lymphocyte proliferation, gut microbiota, probiotics, functional foods, hypoglycemic effect, hypolipidemic effect, antihypertensive effect, low-grade inflammation, obesity, aging, food acceptance
MeSH terms
Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Humans, Spirulina, Immunomodulation

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