Analysis of Non-Hormonal Nutritional Supplements for Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids - Results of an International Study
Abstract
Several recent studies have shown evidence of some nutritional supplements containing prohibited anabolic androgenic steroids, so-called prohormones, which were not declared on the label. Therefore, a broad-based investigation of the international nutritional supplement market was initiated to clarify the extent of this problem. From October 2000 until November 2001, 634 non-hormonal nutritional supplements were purchased in 13 countries from 215 different suppliers. Most supplements were bought in shops in the respective countries (578 samples = 91.2 %) and on the internet (52 samples = 8.2 %). 289 supplements were from prohormone-selling companies and 345 supplements came from companies which do not offer prohormones. After isolation from the supplement matrix 11 different anabolic androgenic steroids, mainly prohormones of testosterone and nandrolone, were analysed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. Out of the 634 samples analysed 94 (14.8 %) contained anabolic androgenic steroids not declared on the label ("positive supplements"). We could not obtain reliable data for 66 samples (10.4 %) due to matrix effects. In relation to the total number of products purchased per country, most of the positive supplements were bought in the Netherlands (25.8 %), in Austria (22.7 %), in the UK (18.8 %) and the USA (18.8 %). According to the label, all positive supplements were from companies located in only five countries: the USA, the Netherlands, the UK, Italy and Germany. 21.1 % of the nutritional supplements from prohormone-selling companies contained anabolic androgenic steroids, whereas 9.6 % of the supplements from companies not selling prohormones were positive. The positive supplements showed anabolic androgenic steroid concentrations of 0.01 micro g/g up to 190 micro g/g. The administration of supplements containing nandrolone prohormones adding up to a total uptake of more than 1 micro g resulted in positive doping results for norandrosterone for several hours.
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Dietary supplements may be contaminated with banned substances.
“In addition to widely varying ingredient contents, dietary supplements may also be contaminated with banned substances.”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
It is estimated that 6.4-8.8% of positive doping cases can be attributed to the use of contaminated dietary supplements.
“It is estimated that 6.4–8.8% of positive doping cases can be attributed to the use of contaminated dietary supplements [31–33].”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
Several studies of the accuracy of dietary supplement labeling have found that many of the products analyzed contained significantly lower amounts of the specific ingredient or additional, possibly risky, ingredients that were not declared on the supplement label [29,32,33,76-81].
“Several studies of the accuracy of dietary supplement labeling have found that many of the products analyzed contained significantly lower amounts of the specific ingredient or additional, possibly risky, ingredients that were not declared on the supplement label [29,32,33,76–81].”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
Up to 15% of legal supplements are inadvertently or deliberately contaminated with illegal drugs, which remain in the system for several hours following consumption and would result in a positive test for banned substances.
“Finally, there is evidence that up to 15% of legal supplements are inadvertently or deliberately contaminated with illegal drugs, which remain in the system for several hours following consumption, and that would result in a positive test for banned substances [196, 197].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [197]
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Geyer, H., Braun, H., Burke, L. M., Stear, S. J., & Castell, L. M. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090180 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationUrinary Nandrolone Metabolite Detection after Ingestion of a Nandrolone Precursor
Watson, P., Judkins, C., Houghton, E., RUSSELL, C., & Maughan, R. J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818edaeb · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The use of nutritional supplements among male collegiate athletes.
Darvishi, L., Askari, G., Hariri, M., Bahreynian, M., Ghiasvand, R., Ehsani, S., Mashhadi, N. S., Rezai, P., & Khorvash, F. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Geyer, H., Parr, M. K., Mareck, U., Reinhart, U., Schrader, Y., & Schänzer, W.
- Affiliations
- German Sport University Cologne (DE)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 124-129
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W177183491
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 45.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- International Olympic Committee
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
- Keywords
- anabolic steroids, prohormone, dietary supplements, doping in sport, supplement labeling
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Doping in Sports, Epitestosterone, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Product Surveillance, Postmarketing, Testosterone, Dietary Supplements, Glucuronides, Internationality, Anabolic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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