Course of the Manic-Depressive Cycle and Changes Caused by Treatments
Abstract
The course of 434 bipolar patients (256 women, 178 men) was studied longitudinally. The prevailing patterns of the manic-depressive cycles at the end of the observation time were: mania followed by depression (usually mild), 28%; depression followed by mania (usually hypomania), 25%; and continuous circular course, with long cycles, 19%, or with short (rapid) cycles, 20%. The cycles followed an irregular pattern in 8% of the patients. As to the intensity of the episodes, 52% of the patients had severe depressions and hypomanias; 26% had severe manias and mild depressions; and 22% had severe depressions and severe manias. No significant sex differences was found regarding the patterns of the cycles or the intensity of the episodes, except among the rapid cyclers, where women (61) outnumbered men (26). With time the course tended to change from monopolar to bipolar, and the frequency of recurrence increased. Concurrent treatments, especially antidepressants, contributed to these changes, while female sex, middle age and menopause, along with antidepressant drugs, contributed to the establishment of rapid cyclicity. The depression-hypomania course was the one which was most prone to rapid cyclicity. Response to lithium prophylaxis was good in the maniadepression-free interval course, in the continuous circular course with long cycles, and in the irregular course. It was less good in the depression-mania-free interval course, where it increased the frequency of recurrences, although these were shorter and milder. Response was very poor in the rapid cycling course. But rapid cyclers and patients with the depressionmania-free interval course responded well to lithium when antidepressant drugs were not administered during the depressions. Zusammenfassung Der Verlauf der manisch-depressiven Zyklen bei 434 Patienten (256 Frauen, 178 Männer) wurde longitudinal untersucht. Die am Ende der Beobachtungszeit überwiegenden Verlaufsarten der manisch-depressiven Zyklen waren: Manie mit nachfolgender Depression (meist mild), 28%; Depression mit nachfolgender Manie (meist Hypomanie), 25%; kontinuierlich zyklischer Verlauf mit langen Zyklen, 19%; oder mit kurzen (schnellen) Zyklen, 20%. 8% der Patienten hatten Zyklen mit unregelmäßiger Verlaufsart. Hinsichtlich der Intensität der Episoden wurden folgende Beobachtungen gemacht: 52% der Patienten hatten schwere Depressionen und Hypomanien: 26% hatten schwere Manien und leichte Depressionen; 22% hatten schwere Depressionen und schwere Manien. Bei den Verlaufsarten der Zyklen oder der Intensität der Episoden gab es keine signifikanten geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede, mit Ausnahme der Patienten mit schnellen Zyklen, bei denen die Frauen (61) zahlenmäßig stärker vertreten waren als die Männer (26). Mit der Zeit bestand eine Tendenz zur Veränderung von monopolar nach bipolar und zu einer Zunahme der Häufigkeit von Rezidiven. Gleichzeitig vorgenommene Behandlungen, insbesondere mit Antidepressiva, trugen zu solchen Veränderungen bei, während das Auftreten rascher Zyklen häufiger beobachtet wurde bei Frauen, bei Patienten mittleren Alters und in der Menopause sowie bei gleichzeitiger Verabreichung von Antidepressiva. Die durch die Aufeinanderfolge von Depression und Hypomanie gekennzeichnete Verlaufsart tendierte am meisten zur Verkürzung und schnellerem Wechsel. Während des Krankheitsverlaufs mit aufeinanderfolgender Manie, Depression und freiem Intervall sprachen die Patienten gut auf Lithiumprophylaxe an, ebenso bei kontinuierlicher Verlaufsart mit langen Zyklen und bei irregulärem Verlauf. Das Ansprechen der Patienten war weniger deutlich ausgeprägt bei der Verlaufsart mit aufeinanderfolgender Depression, Manie und freiem Intervall, bei der die Häufigkeit von Rezidiven erhöht war, obwohl diese kürzer und milder verliefen. Sehr gering war das Ansprechen bei der schnellen zyklischen Verlaufsform. Die Patienten mit schnellen Zyklen und solche mit der Verlaufsart Depression, Manie, Intervall sprachen jedoch gut auf Lithium an, wenn während der depressiven Phasen keine Antidepressiva verabreicht wurden.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the early 1980s, Koukopulos et al. observed how treatment by AD may change course from unipolar to bipolar illness.
“In the early 1980s, Koukopulos et al. observed how treatment by AD may change course from unipolar to bipolar illness.”
From May antidepressant drugs worsen the conditions they are supposed to treat? The clinical foundations of the oppositional model of tolerance (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Akiskal, H. S., Bourgeois, M. L., Angst, J., Post, R. M., Möller, H., & Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00203-2 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Pacchiarotti, I., Bond, D. J., Baldessarini, R. J., Nolen, W. A., Grunze, H., Licht, R. W., Post, R. M., Berk, M., Goodwin, G. M., Sachs, G. S., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020185 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Self-citationAntidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited
Altshuler, L. L., Post, R. M., Leverich, G. S., Mikalauskas, K., ROSOFF, A. S., & Ackerman, L. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.8.1130 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania
Tohen, M., Sanger, T. M., McElroy, S. L., Tollefson, G. D., Chengappa, K. N. R., Daniel, D. G., Petty, F., Centorrino, F., Wang, R., Grundy, S. L., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.5.702 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Efficacy of Olanzapine in Acute Bipolar Mania A Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Tohen, M. F. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.841 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
“Depressogenic effects of antipsychotics in bipolar disorder are of great concern.(25,26) Lack of depressogenic effect was suggested by the percentage of patients who experienced a worsening in depressive symptoms (worsening in HAMD-21 score of $3 at any time), ie, 6 (11.”
BackgroundThe Prevalent Clinical Spectrum of Bipolar Disorders: Beyond DSM-IV
Akiskal, H. S. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199604001-00002 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Sachs, G. S., Thase, M. E., Otto, M. W., Bauer, M. S., Miklowitz, D. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., Rudorfer, M., Frank, E., et al. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00165-3 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Ghaemi, S. N., Ko, J. Y., & Goodwin, F. K. (2002) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370204700202 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Hantouche, E. G., Akiskal, H. S., Lancrenon, S., Allilaire, J., Sechter, D., Azorin, J., Bourgeois, M. L., Fraud, J.-P., & Châtenet-Duchêne, L. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00112-8 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness?
Wehr, T. A., & Goodwin, F. K. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.11.1403 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder
Angst, J., & Sellaro, R. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00909-4 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“This finding does not confirm the assumed deterioration of the course of bipolar illness under tricyclics (Arnold and Kryspin-Exner 1965; Koukopoulos et al 1980; Till and Vuckovik 1970; Tondo et al 1981).”
Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution
Ghaemi, S. N., Hsu, D. J., Soldani, F., & Goodwin, F. K. (2003) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1046/j.1399-5618.2003.00074.x · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Long-term symptomatic status of bipolar I vs. bipolar II disorders
Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J., Coryell, W., Solomon, D., Endicott, J., & Keller, M. (2003) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145703003341 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
“Previous studies of bipolar disorders have focused almost exclusively on full syndromal episodes of major depression (MDE) and mania (e.g. Angst, 1986; Cassano et al., 1989; Coryell et al., 1984; Koukopoulos et al., 1980; Winokur et al., 1994).”
BackgroundRoy‐Byrne, P., Post, R. M., Uhde, T. W., Porcu, T., & Davis, D. (1985) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb10510.x · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Yatham, L. N., Kennedy, S. H., O'Donovan, C., Parikh, S., MacQueen, G., McIntyre, R., Sharma, V., Silverstone, P., Alda, M., Baruch, P., et al. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00219.x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
“pine monotherapy appear to be less effective in patients with rapid cycling compared to those without (215, 217, 218).”
BackgroundIs bipolar disorder still underdiagnosed? Are antidepressants overutilized?
Ghaemi, S. N., Sachs, G. S., M. Chiou, A., Pandurangi, A. K., & Goodwin, F. K. (1999) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00076-7 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Conditioning and Sensitisation in the Longitudinal Course of Affective Illness
Post, R. M., Rubinow, D. R., & Ballenger, J. C. (1986) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.149.2.191 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Angst, J., Cui, L., Swendsen, J., Rothen, S., Cravchik, A., Kessler, R. C., & Merikangas, K. R. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09071011 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Altshuler, L., Suppes, T., Black, D., Nolen, W. A., Keck, P. E., Frye, M. A., McElroy, S., Kupka, R., Grunze, H., Walden, J., et al. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1252 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“These recommendations are based on only a few controlled (4, 5, 11–14) and uncontrolled (15) maintenance studies, and clinician concern about the possible risk of inducing mania or cycle acceleration with continued antidepressant exposure (8, 11, 16–23).”
BackgroundEstrogen, serotonin, and mood disturbance: where is the therapeutic bridge?
Joffe, H., & Cohen, L. S. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00169-3 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Cassano, G. B., Akiskal, H. S., Savino, M., Musetti, L., & Perugi, G. (1992) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(92)90044-7 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Sani, G., Serra, G., Kotzalidis, G. D., Romano, S., Tamorri, S. M., Manfredi, G., Caloro, M., Telesforo, C. L., Caltagirone, S. S., Panaccione, I., et al. (2012) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11634390-000000000-00000 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in bipolar disorder
Arnold, L. M. (2003) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(03)00036-4 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“Other studies confirmed these findings [17,28] and as many as 72% to 82% of rapid-cycling bipolar patients have a poor therapeutic response to lithium [29].”
BackgroundResultClozapine for treatment-refractory mania
Calabrese, J. R., Kimmel, S. E., Woyshville, M. J., RAPPORT, D. J., Faust, C. J., Thompson, P. A., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.6.759 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder
Calabrese, J. R., & Delucchi, G. A. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.4.431 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Mania associated with antidepressant treatment: comprehensive meta‐analytic review
Tondo, L., Vázquez, G., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01514.x · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“AD treatment itself may induce a manic, hypomanic, or mixed state in some patients previously considered to have MDD (14, 15, 95), with a relatively large gain in risk of nearly five-fold among MDD treated vs.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBipolarity from ancient to modern times:
Angst, J., & Marneros, A. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00429-3 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Calabrese, J. R., Shelton, M. D., Rapport, D. J., Youngstrom, E. A., Jackson, K., Bilali, S., Ganocy, S. J., & Findling, R. L. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2152 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“Of these patients, 72%–82% have been reported to exhibit poor response to lithium (1, 2).”
BackgroundThe Long-term Course of Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder
Coryell, W. H., Solomon, D., Turvey, C., Keller, M. B., Leon, A. C., Endicott, J., Schettler, P. J., Judd, L. L., & Mueller, T. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.914 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“The pattern often begins while antidepressants are being taken, and cycle lengths, the period from the beginning of one episode to the beginning of the next, have been seen to increase after antidepressant treatment was withdrawn.(7,8) These observations may be explained in other ways, however.”
BackgroundEvidence of Chaotic Mood Variation in Bipolar Disorder
Gottschalk, A. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950230061009 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Women with bipolar illness: clinical and research issues
Leibenluft, E. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.2.163 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Perugi, G., & Akiskal, H. S. (2002) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(02)00023-0 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“It is noteworthy that the data are not limited to academic centers that specialize in mood disorders [12,50] but include at least two large outpatient psychiatric private practice settings [64,65] and one family practice clinic [66].”
BackgroundAntidepressant effects of carbamazepine
Post, R. M., Uhde, T. W., Roy‐Byrne, P., & Joffe, R. T. (1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.1.29 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Rapidly Cycling Affective Disorder
Coryell, W. H. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820020046006 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
A 12-Week, Double-blind Comparison of Olanzapine vs Haloperidol in the Treatment of Acute Mania
Tohen, M. F., Goldberg, J. F., Arrillaga, A. M. G.-P., Azorin, J. M., Vieta, E., Hardy-Baylé, M. C., Lawson, W. B., Emsley, R. A., Zhang, F., Baker, R. W., et al. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1218 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“Reports in the literature suggest that typical antipsychotics may induce or worsen depression in patients with bipolar mania.(5,7) In this study, patients who were not depressed at study entry but became depressed during the trial experienced the switch to depression significantly more rapidly with haloperidol than ol…”
Functional Impairment and Cognition in Bipolar Disorder
Zarate, C. A., Tohen, M. F., Land, M. L., & Cavanagh, S. (2000) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1023/a:1004632206684 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Cassano, G. B., Dell’Osso, L., Frank, E., Miniati, M., Fagiolini, A. M., Shear, K. M., Pini, S., & Maser, J. D. (1999) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00158-x · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Can long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs worsen the course of depression?
Fava, G. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n0204 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Suppes, T., Mintz, J., McElroy, S. L., Altshuler, L. L., Kupka, R. W., Frye, M. A., Keck, P. E., Nolen, W. A., Leverich, G. S., Grunze, H., et al. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1089 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Clinical use of lithium salts: guide for users and prescribers
for the International Group for Studies of Lithium (IGSLi), Tondo, L., Alda, M., Bauer, M., Bergink, V., Grof, P., Hájek, T., Lewitzka, U., Licht, R. W., Manchia, M., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-019-0151-2 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationPerugi, G., Micheli, C., Akiskal, H. S., Madaro, D., Socci, C., Quilici, C., & Musetti, L. (2000) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(00)90125-1 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Bipolar II disorder: arguments for and against a distinct diagnostic entity
Vieta, E., & Suppes, T. (2008) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00561.x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Depression and Mania in Bipolar Disorder
Tondo, L., Vázquez, G. H., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160606210811 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“As expected, the excess of recurrences and time spent in depressions over manias was particularly high among BD-II and BD-Mx subjects (Table 2) [19, 20, 24-28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBipolar II illness: course and outcome over a five-year period
Coryell, W. H., Keller, M. B., Endicott, J., Andreasen, N. C., Clayton, P. J., & Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (1989) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700011090 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Lithium Maintenance Treatment of Depression and Mania in Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorders
Tondo, L., Baldessarini, R. J., Hennen, J. A., & Floris, G. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.5.638 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Prospective Course of Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder: Findings From the STEP-BD
Schneck, C. D., Miklowitz, D. J., Miyahara, S., Araga, M., Wisniewski, S. R., Gyulai, L., Allen, M. H., Thase, M. E., & Sachs, G. S. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.05081484 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“depressants are of benefit or if they destabilize the course of illness (20,21).”
BackgroundCorrelates of antimanic response to carbamazepine
Post, R. M., Uhde, T. W., Roy‐Byrne, P., & Joffe, R. T. (1987) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(87)90064-3 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Maintenance Efficacy of Divalproex in the Prevention of Bipolar Depression
Gyulai, L., Bowden, C. L., McElroy, S. L., Calabrese, J. R., Petty, F., Swann, A. C., Chou, J. C.-Y., Wassef, A. A., Risch, C., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., et al. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300190 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Furthermore, clinical variables such as episode sequence (Kokopolus et al, 1980; Maj et al, 1989), frequency of mood cycling (Dunner and Fieve, 1974; Bowden 1995; Denicoff et al, 1997), presence of mood-congruent or -incongruent psychotic features of the index episode (Greil et al, 1998; Tohen et…”
BackgroundPapolos, D. F., Veit, S., Faedda, G. L., Saito, T., & Lachman, H. M. (1998) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000410 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Wehr, T. A., Turner, E. H., Shimada, J. M., Lowe, C. H., Barker, C., & Leibenluft, E. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00542-8 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Bauer, M. S., Calabrese, J. R., Dünner, D. L., Post, R. M., Whybrow, P. C., Gyulai, L., Tay, L. K., Younkin, S., Bynum, D. L., & Lavori, P. W. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.4.506 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The mechanisms of tolerance in antidepressant action
Fava, G. A., & Offidani, E. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.026 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Kukopulos et al. (1980, 1983) deserve credit in raising the issue that antidepressant-induced mania may not simply be a temporary and fully reversible phenomenon, but trigger complex biochemical mechanisms of illness deterioration.”
Rapid cyclers, temperament, and antidepressants
Kukopulos, A., Caliari, B., Tundo, A., Minnai, G. P., Floris, G., Reginaldi, D., & Tondo, L. (1983) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(83)90076-7 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationRobb, J. C., Young, L. T., Cooke, R. G., & Joffe, R. T. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00003-2 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Alcohol dependence and mood disorders
Raimo, E. B., & Schuckit, M. A. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00068-9 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Faedda, G. L. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820130019004 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Longitudinal Course of Bipolar I Disorder
Solomon, D. A., Leon, A. C., Coryell, W. H., Endicott, J., Li, C., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Boyken, L., & Keller, M. B. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.15 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Zarate, C. A., & Tohen, M. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.169 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Kleindienst, N., Engel, R. R., & Greil, W. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00244.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Effect of Lithium Maintenance on. Suicidal Behavior in Major Mood Disordersa
Tondo, L., Jamison, K. R., & Baldessarini, R. J. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52369.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationThe efficacy of lamotrigine in rapid cycling and non–rapid cycling patients with bipolar disorder
Bowden, C. L., Calabrese, J. R., McElroy, S. L., Rhodes, L. J., Keck, P. E., Cookson, J., Anderson, J., Watson, C. B., Ascher, J. A., Monaghan, E., et al. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00013-x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
RAPID-CYCLING BIPOLAR DISORDER
Kilzieh, N., & Akiskal, H. S. (1999) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70097-6 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Do patients with borderline personality disorder belong to the bipolar spectrum?
Deltito, J. A., Martin, L., Riefkohl, J., Austria, B., Kissilenko, A., & Morse, P. C. C. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00436-0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical predictors of lithium response in bipolar disorder
Hui, T. P., Kandola, A. A., Shen, L., Lewis, G., Osborn, D., Geddes, J. R., & Hayes, J. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13062 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The Bipolar Spectrum and the Antidepressant View of the World
Ghaemi, S. N., Ko, J. Y., & Goodwin, F. K. (2001) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200109000-00002 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Antidepressant-associated hypomania in outpatient depression: A 203-case study in private practice
Benazzi, F. (1997) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00082-7 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Tondo, L., Baldessarini, R. J., & Floris, G. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.41.s184 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationMenopause-related affective disorders: a justification for further study
Schmidt, P. J., & Rubinow, D. R. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.7.844 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Rapid Cycling in Women and Men With Bipolar Manic-Depressive Disorders
Tondo, L., & Baldessarini, R. J. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.10.1434 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“A rapid-cycling course (1, 2), with at least four major affective episodes in a year, is included in DSM-IV as a diagnostic specifier for the criteria for bipolar manic-depressive disorders.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKleindienst, N., & Greil, W. (2000) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000054844 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Baldessarini, R. J., Tondo, L., Floris, G., & Hennen, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00196-2 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationKogan, J. N., Otto, M. W., Bauer, M. S., Dennehy, E. B., Miklowitz, D. J., Zhang, H., Ketter, T. A., Rudorfer, M. V., Wisniewski, S. R., Thase, M. E., et al. (2004) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00158.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Michels, R., & Marzuk, P. M. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199308193290808 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Antidepressants in bipolar depression: An enduring controversy
Gitlin, M. J. (2018) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-018-0133-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Rapid‐cycling bipolar disorder: effects of long‐term treatments
Tondo, L., Hennen, J. A., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00126.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Pilot Study
Zaretsky, A. E., Segal, Z. V., & Gemar, M. C. (1999) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379904400511 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Although our present accumulated knowledge about manic-depressive illness is indeed impressive, research on the treatment of bipolar depression is surprisingly limited (5-9) and has been routinely excluded from contemporary re-”
BackgroundSubthreshold bipolarity: diagnostic issues and challenges
Nusslock, R., & Frank, E. (2011) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00957.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“(121) first described an association between antidepressant use and a new or worsening rapid-cycling course of illness in those with bipolar disorder.”
Hoertel, N., Strat, Y. L., Angst, J., & Dubertret, C. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.016 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“53%) of individuals with D(m) than that documented in prior studies (Akiskal and Mallya, 1987; Angst, 2006; Angst et al., 2003, 2010; Benazzi, 1997a, 1997b, 2007; Hantouche et al., 1998; Kukopulos et al., 1980; Manning et al., 1997; Zimmermann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultTREATMENT-RESISTANT BIPOLAR DEPRESSION
Sachs, G. S. (1996) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70285-9 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Possible role of antidepressants in precipitating mania and hypomania in recurrent depression
Kupfer, D. J., Carpenter, L. L., & Frank, E. (1988) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.145.7.804 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Post, R. M., Altshuler, L. L., Frye, M. A., Suppes, T. M., Rush, A. J., Keck, P. E., McElroy, S. L., Denicoff, K. D., Leverich, G. S., Kupka, R., et al. (2001) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2001.30505.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.
Segraves, R. T. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Gender differences in the phenomenology of bipolar disorder
Kessing, L. V. (2004) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00135.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Post, R. M., & Weiss, S. R. B. (1996) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/bf02740751 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Bipolar Mood Disorder: Practical Strategies for Acute and Maintenance Phase Treatment
SACHS, G. S. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199604001-00005 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Long-Term Olanzapine Therapy in the Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder
Sanger, T. M., Grundy, S. L., Gibson, P. J., Namjoshi, M. A., Greaney, M. G., & Tohen, M. F. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n0410 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The phenotypes of bipolar disorder: relevance for genetic investigations
MacQUEEN, G. M., Hájek, T., & Alda, M. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001701 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Current research on rapid cycling bipolar disorder and its treatment
Calabrese, J. R., Shelton, M. D., RAPPORT, D. J., Kujawa, M. J., Kimmel, S. E., & Caban, S. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00161-x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Predictors of Response to Mood Stabilizers
CALABRESE, J. R., FATEMI, S. H., KUJAWA, M., & WOYSHVILLE, M. J. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199604001-00004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Rational Use of Antidepressant Drugs
Fava, G. A. (2014) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000362803 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
McCarthy, M. J., Nievergelt, C. M., Shekhtman, T., Kripke, D. F., Welsh, D. K., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2011) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00725.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“For example, euphoric mania and a positive family history are considered to be the factors favoring Li response, whereas dysphoric mania, the presence of comorbid psychiatric conditions and a negative family history are considered poor prognostic indicators (Kukopulos et al. 1980, Grof et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSpecial considerations in treating bipolar disorder in women
Burt, V. K., & Rasgon, N. (2004) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1046/j.1399-5618.2003.00089.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Pharmacological Management of Bipolar Depression: Acute Treatment, Maintenance, and Prophylaxis
Vieta, E., & Valentí, M. (2013) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0073-y · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“First-generation antipsychotics were not effective in the prevention of depressive episodes, and could even cause them [140].”
BackgroundDuration and stability of the rapid-cycling course: a long-term personal follow-up of 109 patients
Koukopoulos, A. E., Sani, G., Koukopoulos, A. E., Minnai, G. P., Girardi, P., Pani, L., Albert, M. J., & Reginaldi, D. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00321-x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationResponse to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders: comparison of women and men
Viguera, A. C., Baldessarini, R. J., & Tondo, L. (2001) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2001.30503.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid cycling bipolar disorder – diagnostic concepts
Bauer, M., Beaulieu, S., Dünner, D. L., Lafer, B., & Kupka, R. (2008) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00560.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“(56) noted that antidepressant use caused acceleration in the cycle frequency from 0.”
BackgroundInfluentialMixed depressive states: Nosologic and therapeutic issues
Koukopoulos, A., Albert, M. J., Sani, G., Koukopoulos, A. E., & Girardi, P. (2005) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260500064744 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“We hold that it is no coincidence that 28% of bipolar patients present the same cycle pattern consisting of mania followed by depression, which in most cases is of a simple or clearly inhibited type (Kukopulos et al., 1980).”
BackgroundRapid cycling depression in adolescence
Spurkland, I., & Vandvik, I. H. (1989) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01300.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The bipolar spectrum: Conceptions and misconceptions
Ghaemi, S. N., & Dalley, S. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413504830 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In particular, he cast doubt on the treatment response criterion: many unipolar patients did not respond to antidepressants; they seemed to have other features of bipolarity, such as a highly recurrent course and early age of onset (Kukopulos et al., 1980).”
BackgroundPost, R. M., Denicoff, K. D., Frye, M. A., Dunn, R. T., Leverich, G. S., Osuch, E. A., & Speer, A. (1998) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000026532 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kukopulos, A., Reginaldi, D., Laddomada, P., Floris, G., Serra, G., & Tondo, L.
- Venue
- Pharmacopsychiatry
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2008-03-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 156-167
- ISSN
- 0176-3679 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0795
- OpenAlex
- W147127941
- Cited by
- 436
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, rapid cycling, hypomania, depression, lithium prophylaxis, antidepressants, sex differences, menopause, recurrence, clinical course, treatment response, longitudinal follow-up, episode severity, age of onset, family history of bipolar disorder, comorbid depression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Bipolar Disorder, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Humans, Lithium, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Antipsychotic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review