Cited by 872Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsAdvanced Causal Inference Techniques

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Bias in Treatment Assignment in Controlled Clinical Trials

Chalmers, Thomas C., Celano, Paul, Sacks, Henry S., Smith, Harry·1983·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejm198312013092204

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Controlled clinical trials of the treatment of acute myocardial infarction offer a unique opportunity for the study of the potential influence on outcome of bias in treatment assignment. A group of 145 papers was divided into those in which the randomization process was blinded (57 papers), those in which it may have been unblinded (45 papers), and those in which the controls were selected by a nonrandom process (43 papers). At least one prognostic variable was maldistributed (P less than 0.05) in 14.0 per cent of the blinded-randomization studies, in 26.7 per cent of the unblinded-randomization studies, and in 58.1 per cent of the nonrandomized studies. Differences in case-fatality rates between treatment and control groups (P less than 0.05) were found in 8.8 per cent of the blinded-randomization studies, 24.4 per cent of the unblinded-randomization studies, and 58.1 per cent of the nonrandomized studies. These data emphasize the importance of keeping those who recruit patients for clinical trials from suspecting which treatment will be assigned to the patient under consideration.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejm198312013092204

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Importance of Beta, the Type II Error and Sample Size in the Design and Interpretation of the Randomized Control Trial: Survey of 71 Negative Trials
Freiman, J. A., Chalmers, T. C., Smith, H., & Kuebler, R. R. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197809282991304 · Cited by 1,628
Self-citation
A New Design for Randomized Clinical Trials
Zelen, M. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197905313002203 · Cited by 1,057
Randomized versus historical controls for clinical trials
Sacks, H., Chalmers, T. C., & Smith, H. (1982) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(82)90815-4 · Cited by 834
Self-citation
Association of Adrenocorticosteroid Therapy and Peptic-Ulcer Disease
Messer, J., Reitman, D., Sacks, H. S., Smith, H., & Chalmers, T. C. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198307073090105 · Cited by 420
Self-citation
A show of confidence.
Rothman, K. J. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197812142992410 · Cited by 281
Non-Randomized Controls in Cancer Clinical Trials
Gehan, E. A., & Freireich, E. J. (1974) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197401242900405 · Cited by 276
Allocation of Subjects in Medical Experiments
Weinstein, M. C. (1974) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197412122912405 · Cited by 189
Are Randomized Trials Appropriate for Evaluating New Operations?
Bonchek, L. I. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197907053010110 · Cited by 103
The Role of the Randomized Clinical Trial in the Evaluation of New Operations
Bonchek, L. I. (1982) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(16)42793-3 · Cited by 29
Randomized clinical trials in surgery.
Folland, E. D., Hammermeister, K. E., Khuri, S. F., Rahimtoola, S. H., Sethi, G. K., & Souchek, J. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 22

Show all 13 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

1981, Milbank Mem Fund Q, 0, 324

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 872

Olanzapine for schizophrenia
Duggan, L., Fenton, M., Rathbone, J., Dardennes, R. M., El-Dosoky, A., & Indran, S. K. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001359.pub2 · Cited by 244
The Landscape and Lexicon of Blinding in Randomized Trials
Schulz, K. F., Chalmers, I., & Altman, D. G. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00022 · Cited by 247
An empirical study of the possible relation of treatment differences to quality scores in controlled randomized clinical trials
Emerson, J. D., Burdick, E., Hoaglin, D. C., Mosteller, F. C., & Chalmers, T. C. (1990) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(90)90175-2 · Cited by 243
Self-citation
Assessing the Quality of Randomised Controlled Trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470693926.ch5 · Cited by 237
A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Cell Salvage to Minimize Perioperative Allogeneic Blood Transfusion in Cardiac and Orthopedic Surgery
Huët, C., Salmi, L., Fergusson, D. A., Gemert, A. W. M. M. K.-V., Rubens, F. D., & Laupacis, A. (1999) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/00000539-199910000-00009 · Cited by 238
Back Schools for Nonspecific Low Back Pain
Heymans, M. W., van Tulder, M. W., Esmail, R., Bombardier, C., & Koes, B. W. (2005) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000182227.33627.15 · Cited by 235
Meta-analysis
Thacker, S. B. (1988) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.259.11.1685 · Cited by 280
Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis.
Heyland, D. K., Montalvo, M., Macdonald, S., Keefe, L., Su, X. Y., & Drover, J. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 236
Exercise therapy for arm function in stroke patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
van der Lee, J. H., Snels, I. A. K., Beckerman, H., Lankhorst, G. J., WAGENAAR, R. C., & Bouter, L. M. (2001) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/026921501677557755 · Cited by 235
Financial ties and concordance between results and conclusions in meta-analyses: retrospective cohort study
Yank, V., Rennie, D., & Bero, L. A. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39376.447211.be · Cited by 235
Stroke prevention with aspirin, warfarin and ximelagatran in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lip, G. Y. H., & Edwards, S. J. (2005) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2005.08.007 · Cited by 232
Ezetimibe monotherapy for cholesterol lowering in 2,722 people: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Pandor, A., Ara, R. M., Tumur, I., Wilkinson, A. J., Paisley, S., Duenas, A., Durrington, P. N., & Chilcott, J. (2009) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02062.x · Cited by 228
Efficiency and Costs of Medical Exercise Therapy, Conventional Physiotherapy, and Self-Exercise in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Torstensen, T. A., Ljunggren, A. E., Meen, H. D., Odland, E., Mowinckel, P., & af Geijerstam, S. (1998) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199812010-00017 · Cited by 232
Nimodipine for primary degenerative, mixed and vascular dementia
Birks, J., & López-Arrieta, J. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000147 · Cited by 231
Evidence for the Superiority of Immunosuppressive Drugs and Prednisone over Prednisone Alone in Lupus Nephritis
Felson, D. T., & Anderson, J. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198412133112402 · Cited by 231
Effectiveness of Interferential Current Therapy in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Fuentes, J., Olivo, S. A., Magee, D. J., & Gross, D. P. (2010) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090335 · Cited by 232
Sample Sizes for Clinical Trials
Julious, S. (2009) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781584887409 · Cited by 102
Loxapine for schizophrenia
Chakrabarti, A., Bagnall, A., Chue, P. S., Fenton, M., Palanisamy, V., Wong, W., & Xia, J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001943.pub2 · Cited by 222
How to read a paper: Assessing the methodological quality of published papers
Greenhalgh, T. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7103.305 · Cited by 224
Benzodiazepines for delirium
Lonergan, E., Luxenberg, J., & Areosa Sastre, A. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006379.pub3 · Cited by 223
Octreotide for acute esophageal variceal bleeding: A meta-analysis
Corley, D. A., Cello, J. P., Adkisson, W. O., Ko, W., & Kerlikowske, K. M. (2001) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2001.22451 · Cited by 222
An empirical study of the effect of the control rate as a predictor of treatment efficacy in meta-analysis of clinical trials
Schmid, C. H., Lau, J., McIntosh, M. W., & Cappelleri, J. C. (1998) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980915)17:17 · Cited by 211
High-intensity resistance training and postmenopausal bone loss: a meta-analysis
James, M. M., & Carroll, S. (2006) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0083-4 · Cited by 210
Haloperidol for agitation in dementia
Lonergan, E., Luxenberg, J., Colford, J. M., & Birks, J. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002852 · Cited by 212
Evidence in Medicine and Evidence‐Based Medicine
WORRALL, J. L. (2007) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2007.00106.x · Cited by 213
Meta-analysis of well-designed nonrandomized comparative studies of surgical procedures is as good as randomized controlled trials.
Abraham, N. S., Byrne, C. J., Young, J., & Solomon, M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.04.005 · Cited by 175
Phenoxybenzamine improves systemic oxygen delivery after the Norwood procedure
Tweddell, J. S., Hoffman, G. M., Fedderly, R. T., Berger, S., Thomas, J. P., Ghanayem, N. S., Kessel, M. W., & Litwin, S. B. (1999) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(98)01266-1 · Cited by 207
Patients seen for standard rheumatoid arthritis care have significantly better articular, radiographic, laboratory, and functional status in 2000 than in 1985
Pincus, T., Sokka, T., & Kautiainen, H. (2005) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.20941 · Cited by 205
Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials using nonsteroidal antiandrogens
Caubet, J.-F., Tosteson, T. D., Dong, E. W., Naylon, E. M., Whiting, G. W., Ernstoff, M. S., & Ross, S. D. (1997) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(96)00325-1 · Cited by 203
Development of The Cochrane Collaboration's Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials
Dickersin, K., Manheimer, E., Wieland, S., Robinson, K. A., Lefebvre, C., & McDonald, S. (2002) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278702025001004 · Cited by 198
A systematic review of workplace interventions to prevent low back pain
Maher, C. G. (2000) · Australian Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60287-7 · Cited by 196
Conservative or surgical treatment for subacromial impingement syndrome? A systematic review
Dorrestijn, O., Stevens, M. J., Winters, J. C., van der Meer, K., & Diercks, R. L. (2009) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.01.010 · Cited by 200
Combined psychotherapy plus antidepressants for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia
Furukawa, T. A., Watanabe, N., & Churchill, R. C. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004364.pub2 · Cited by 195
A quality assessment of randomized control trials of primary treatment of breast cancer.
Liberati, A., Himel, H. N., & Chalmers, T. C. (1986) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1986.4.6.942 · Cited by 196
Self-citation
Impact of CONSORT extension for cluster randomised trials on quality of reporting and study methodology: review of random sample of 300 trials, 2000–8
Ivers, N. M., Taljaard, M., Dixon, S., Bennett, C., McRae, A., Taleban, J., Skea, Z., Brehaut, J. C., Boruch, R. F., Eccles, M. P., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d5886 · Cited by 193
Molindone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness.
Bagnall, A., Fenton, M., Lewis, R., Leitner, M., & Kleijnen, J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002083.pub2 · Cited by 30
Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials
Kunz, R., Vist, G. E., & Oxman, A. D. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000012.pub2 · Cited by 191
Development of a quality assessment instrument for trials of treatments for depression and neurosis
Moncrieff, J., Churchill, R., Drummond, D. C., & McGuire, H. (2001) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.108 · Cited by 185
Importance of Observational Studies in Clinical Practice
Ligthelm, R. J., Borzı̀, V., Gumprecht, J., Kawamori, R., Wenying, Y., & Valensi, P. E. (2007) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.07.004 · Cited by 185
Balloon angioplasty or medical therapy for hypertensive patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Nordmann, A. J., Woo, K. Y., Parkes, R. K., & Logan, A. G. (2003) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01396-7 · Cited by 185
Corticosteroids for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Hughes, R. A., Mehndiratta, M. M., & Rajabally, Y. A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002062.pub4 · Cited by 183
Risperidone versus typical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia
Hunter, R., Kennedy, E., Song, F., Gadon, L., & Irving, C. B. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000440 · Cited by 182
Corticosteroids reduce postoperative morbidity after third molar surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Markiewicz, M., Brady, M. F., Ding, E. L., & Dodson, T. (2008) · Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2008.04.022 · Cited by 190
Effectiveness of Particle Repositioning Maneuvers in the Treatment of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Systematic Review
Helminski, J. O., Zee, D. S., Janssen, İ., & Hain, T. C. (2010) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090071 · Cited by 181
Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise
Herbert, R., Noronha, M. A. D., & Kamper, S. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004577.pub3 · Cited by 178
End-of-life care pathways for improving outcomes in caring for the dying
Chan, R. J., Webster, J., & Bowers, A. P. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008006.pub4 · Cited by 177
Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease
Loy, C. T., & Schneider, L. S. S. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001747.pub2 · Cited by 178
Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis)
Altunaiji, S. M., Kukuruzovic, R. H., Curtis, N. C., & Massie, J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004404.pub3 · Cited by 177
Adequacy and reporting of allocation concealment: review of recent trials published in four general medical journals
Hewitt, C., Hahn, S., Torgerson, D. J., Watson, J., & Bland, J. M. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38413.576713.ae · Cited by 176
Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia
McGuinness, B., Todd, S., Passmore, P., & Bullock, R. A. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004034.pub2 · Cited by 177
Vitamin B12 for cognition
Malouf, R. S., & Sastre, A. A. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004394 · Cited by 168
The reporting of methodological factors in randomized controlled trials and the association with a journal policy to promote adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist.
Devereaux, P. J., Manns, B., Ghali, W., Quan, H., & Guyatt, G. (2002) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00214-3 · Cited by 182
Erythropoietin to minimize perioperative blood transfusion: a systematic review of randomized trials
Laupacis, Fergusson, D. A., & for The International Study of Peri‐operative Transfusion (ISPOT) Investigators (1998) · Transfusion Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3148.1998.00171.x · Cited by 166
Zotepine for schizophrenia
Morris, S., Bagnall, A., Cooper, S. J., DeSilva, P., Fenton, M., Gammelin, G., & Leitner, M. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001948 · Cited by 164
Systematic reviews: gatekeepers of nursing knowledge
Evans, D. J., & Pearson, A. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2702.2001.00517.x · Cited by 168
The efficacy of Tai Chi Chuan in older adults: a systematic review
Verhagen, A. P. (2004) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmh122 · Cited by 163
Loxapine for schizophrenia
Murphy, B. M., Bagnall, A., Chue, P. S., Fenton, M., Leitner, M., & Wood, J. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001943 · Cited by 162
Treatment of Acute Otitis Media With a Shortened Course of Antibiotics
Kozyrskyj, A. L., Hildes-Ripstein, G. E., Longstaffe, S. E. A., Wincott, J. L., SITAR, D. S., Klassen, T. P., & Moffatt, M. E. K. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.21.1736 · Cited by 160
Selegiline for Alzheimer's disease
Birks, J., & Flicker, L. A. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000442 · Cited by 162
The Effect of Inhaled Steroids on the Linear Growth of Children With Asthma: A Meta-analysis
Sharek, P. J., & Bergman, D. A. (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.106.1.e8 · Cited by 160
Hormone replacement therapy to maintain cognitive function in women with dementia
Hogervorst, E., Yaffe, K. S., Richards, M., & Huppert, F. A. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003799.pub2 · Cited by 159
Vitamin B6 for cognition
Malouf, R. S., & Evans, J. G. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004393 · Cited by 159
Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease
Birks, J., Evans, J. G., Iakovidou, V., & Tsolaki, M. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001191 · Cited by 159
Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines for major depression
Furukawa, T. A., Streiner, D., Young, L. T., & Kinoshita, Y. (2001) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001026 · Cited by 161
Psychological interventions for distress in cancer patients: a review of reviews
Lepore, S. J., & Coyne, J. C. (2006) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3202_2 · Cited by 152
Pre‐harvest Interventions to Reduce the Shedding of E. coli O157 in the Faeces of Weaned Domestic Ruminants: A Systematic Review
Sargeant, J., Amezcua, M., Rajič, A., & Waddell, L. (2007) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01059.x · Cited by 169
Evidence-based management of postoperative pain in adults undergoing open inguinal hernia surgery
Joshi, G. P., Rawal, N., & Kehlet, H. (2011) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.7660 · Cited by 146
Endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mastracci, T. M., Garrido‐Olivares, L., Cinà, C. S., & Clase, C. M. (2008) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.07.052 · Cited by 149
Glass-ionomer Restoratives: A Systematic Review of a Secondary Caries Treatment Effect
Randall, R. C., & WILSON, N. H. F. (1999) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345990780020101 · Cited by 149
Natalizumab for induction of remission in Crohn's disease
MacDonald, J. K., & McDonald, J. W. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006097.pub2 · Cited by 148
Towards evidence based radiation oncology: improving the design, analysis, and reporting of clinical outcome studies in radiotherapy
Bentzen, S. M. (1998) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8140(97)00226-0 · Cited by 148
Problems induced by meta‐analyses
Chalmers, T. C. (1991) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780100618 · Cited by 144
Self-citation
Pharmacological interventions for those who have sexually offended or are at risk of offending
Khan, O., Ferriter, M., Huband, N., Powney, M. J., Dennis, J. A., & Duggan, C. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007989.pub2 · Cited by 144
In-hospital care pathways for stroke
Kwan, J. S. K., & Sandercock, P. A. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002924.pub2 · Cited by 144
Panic disorders, hyperventilation, and the dreaded brown paper bag.
Callaham, M. L. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 140
Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection
Lyrer, P. A., & Engelter, S. T. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000255.pub2 · Cited by 138
Guides for Reading and Interpreting Systematic Reviews
Jadad, A. R., Moher, D., & Klassen, T. P. (1998) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.8.812 · Cited by 135
Assessing “Best Evidence”: Issues in Grading the Quality of Studies for Systematic Reviews
Lohr, K. N., & Carey, T. S. (1999) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement · doi:10.1016/s1070-3241(16)30461-8 · Cited by 132
Ultrasonically Activated Shears in Thyroidectomies
Voutilainen, P. E. J., & Haglund, C. H. (2000) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-200003000-00004 · Cited by 132
Interventions for reducing anxiety in women undergoing colposcopy
Galaal, K. A., Bryant, A., Deane, K. H., Al‐Khaduri, M., & Lopes, A. D. B. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006013.pub3 · Cited by 132
Quantifying the Scanty Science of Prehospital Emergency Care
Callaham, M. L. (1997) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(97)70049-0 · Cited by 132
Introducing Critical Appraisal to studies of animal models investigating novel therapies in sepsis
Piper, R. D., Cook, D. J., Bone, R. C., & Sibbald, W. J. (1996) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199612000-00021 · Cited by 132
Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Hahn, D., Hodson, E. M., Willis, N. S., & Craig, J. C. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005128.pub3 · Cited by 131
Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
Isaac, M. G. E. K. N., Quinn, R., & Tabet, N. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002854.pub2 · Cited by 133
Discussion
Abel, U. R., & Koch, A. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00041-4 · Cited by 129
Hierarchy of Evidence: From Case Reports to Randomized Controlled Trials
Brighton, B., Bhandari, M., Tornetta, P., & Felson, D. (2003) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000079323.41006.12 · Cited by 127
Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Chartapisak, W., Opastirakul, S., Hodson, E. M., Willis, N. S., & Craig, J. C. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005128.pub2 · Cited by 127
Hierarchy of Evidence: Where Observational Studies Fit in and Why We Need Them
Hoppe, D. J., Schemitsch, E. H., Morshed, S., Tornetta, P., & Bhandari, M. (2009) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.h.01571 · Cited by 130
Methods used to evaluate growth modification in Class II malocclusion
Tulloch, J. F. C., Medland, W., & Tuncay, O. C. (1990) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/s0889-5406(05)81491-x · Cited by 125
Prevention and treatment of renal disease in Henoch-Schonlein purpura: a systematic review
Chartapisak, W., Opastiraku, S. L., Willis, N. S., Craig, J. C., & Hodson, E. M. (2008) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2008.141820 · Cited by 122
Reported quality of randomized controlled trials of physiotherapy interventions has improved over time
Moseley, A. M., Herbert, R., Maher, C. G., Sherrington, C., & Elkins, M. R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.08.009 · Cited by 118
Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment
Farina, N., Isaac, M. G. E. K. N., Clark, A. R., Rusted, J. M., & Tabet, N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002854.pub3 · Cited by 125
Randomized clinical trials in Hepatology: Predictors of quality
Gluud, L. L., Nikolova, D., & Gluud, C. N. (1999) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510300510 · Cited by 115
Meta-analytic stimulus for changes in clinical trials
Harvard, T. C., & Lau, J. (1993) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029300200204 · Cited by 115
Tapered titanium cementless total hip replacements: a 10- to 13-year followup study.
Bourne, R. B., Rorabeck, C. H., Patterson, J. J., & Guerin, J. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 116
Local versus general anaesthesia in carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of the evidence
Tangkanakul, C., Counsell, C. E., & Warlow, C. P. (1997) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s1078-5884(97)80178-5 · Cited by 116
Surgery and the randomised controlled trial: past, present and future
Solomon, M. J., & McLeod, R. S. (1998) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb126809.x · Cited by 116
Research methods: managing primary study quality in meta-analyses.
Conn, V., & Rantz, M. (2003) · Research in Nursing and Health · doi:10.1002/nur.10092 · Cited by 107
Intragastric balloon for obesity
Fernandes, M. A., Atallah, Á. N., Soares, B. G., Saconato, H., Guimarães, S. M., Matos, D., Monteiro, L. R. C., & Richter, B. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004931.pub2 · Cited by 115
Empirical evidence of bias in infertility research: overestimation of treatment effect in crossover trials using pregnancy as the outcome measure
Khan, K. S., Daya, S., Collins, J. A., & Walter, S. D. (1996) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58265-x · Cited by 114

Authors: Chalmers, T. C., Celano, P., Sacks, H. S., & Smith, H.
Affiliations: Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
ORCID: Celano, Paul
Sacks, Henry S.
Smith, Harry
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 1983-12
Volume: 309
Issue: 22
Pages: 1358-1361
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejm198312013092204
OpenAlex: W2030192997
Cited by: 864
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 13.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Keywords: unblinding, acute myocardial infarction, case fatality, control selection, clinical trial design
MeSH terms: Clinical Trials as Topic, Ethics, Medical, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Prognosis, Random Allocation, Research Design, Risk

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Bias in Treatment Assignment in Controlled Clinical Trials

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks