Bacterial Pathogens and Death during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
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nally, we thank Mage et al. for their thoughts about multiple deaths from SIDS in a family and the uncertain relationship of these deaths to infanticide.Infanticide, in our opinion, still remains in the differential diagnosis of more than one death from SIDS in a family.
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Among 1918 pandemic influenza cases with pneumonia, culture positivity rates were mean 16% (range 2 to 50).
“Culture positivity rates among influenza cases without pneumonia was very low (mean < 1%), compare to those with pneumonia (mean, 16%; range, 2 to 50) [48].”
From The role of pneumonia and secondary bacterial infection in fatal and serious outcomes of pandemic influenza a(H1N1)pdm09. (2018) · cites this paper as [48]
Among 1918 pandemic influenza cases without pneumonia, culture positivity rates were very low (mean <1%).
“Culture positivity rates among influenza cases without pneumonia was very low (mean < 1%), compare to those with pneumonia (mean, 16%; range, 2 to 50) [48].”
From The role of pneumonia and secondary bacterial infection in fatal and serious outcomes of pandemic influenza a(H1N1)pdm09. (2018) · cites this paper as [48]
The 1918-1919 H1N1 influenza pandemic resulted in more than 50 million deaths, with many caused by bacterial super-infection leading to secondary pneumonia.
“the so-called “Spanish Flu” pandemic of H1N1 influenza A virus from 1918 to 1919 resulted in more than 50 million deaths, with many caused by bacterial super-infection leading to secondary pneumonia”
From Respiratory viral infection-induced microbiome alterations and secondary bacterial pneumonia. (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Recent re-analyses of post-mortem lung cultures from 1918 showed evidence of bacterial infection in >90% of the specimens.
“Recent re‐analyses of post‐mortem lung cultures from 1918 showed evidence of bacterial infection in >90% of the specimens.”
From Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
Children had the highest rates of clinical influenza infection, whereas young adults had the highest influenza pneumonia rates and associated fatality rates.
“Children had the highest rates of clinical influenza infection, whereas young adults had the highest influenza pneumonia rates and associated fatality rates.”
From Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
In all age groups, deaths were strongly correlated with pneumonia cases than with influenza clinical cases alone.
“Studies also show that, in all age groups, deaths were strongly correlated with pneumonia cases than with influenza clinical cases alone.”
From Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
At least 90% of lung tissue samples from 1918 pandemic post-mortems showed evidence of bacterial infection.
“Additional post-mortems of lung tissue suggest that at least 90% of samples showed evidence of bacterial infection (Oxford et al., 2002; Morens et al., 2008; Chien et al., 2009).”
From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as Chien et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Chien, Y.-W., Klugman, K. P., & Morens, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2009-12-24
- Volume
- 361
- Issue
- 26
- Pages
- 2582-2583
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2003958237
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Keywords
- 1918 influenza pandemic, pathogenic bacteria, mortality, infanticide, sudden infant death syndrome, differential diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Influenza, Human, Pneumonia, Pneumococcal, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pneumonia, Bacterial, Pneumococcal Vaccines, History, 20th Century
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