Impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic on pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations in the United States.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Infection with influenza virus increases the risk for developing pneumococcal disease. The A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in autumn 2009 provided a unique opportunity to evaluate this relationship. METHODS: Using weekly age-, state-, and cause-specific hospitalizations from the US State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project 2003-2009, we quantified the increase in pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalization rates above a seasonal baseline during the pandemic period. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in pneumococcal hospitalizations from late August to mid-December 2009, which corresponded to the timing of highest pandemic influenza activity. Individuals aged 5-19 years, who have a low baseline level of pneumococcal disease, experienced the largest relative increase in pneumococcal hospitalizations (ratio, 1.6 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.4-1.7]), whereas the largest absolute increase was observed among individuals aged 40-64 years. In contrast, there was no excess disease in the elderly. Geographical variation in the timing of excess pneumococcal hospitalizations matched geographical patterns for the fall pandemic influenza wave. CONCLUSIONS: The 2009 influenza pandemic had a significant impact on the rate of pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations, with the magnitude of this effect varying between age groups and states, mirroring observed variations in influenza activity.
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During the 2009 Swine influenza pandemic, secondary bacterial pneumonia was identified in 29-55% of mortalities.
“During the 2009 Swine influenza pandemic, there was an increase in hospital pneumonia cases as a result of secondary bacterial pneumonia, which was identified in 29–55% of mortalities (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009; Gill et al., 2010; Weinberger et al., 2012).”
From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as Weinberger et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Weinberger, D. M., Simonsen, L., Jordan, R., Steiner, C., Miller, M., & Viboud, C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Social and Scientific Systems (United States) (US)
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-07
- Volume
- 205
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 458-465
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- PMC
- PMC3276240
- OpenAlex
- W2127628026
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 9.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security
- Pfizer
- National Institutes of Health
- Fogarty International Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Keywords
- 2009 H1N1 pandemic, pneumococcal pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, hospitalization, age differences, regional variation, pediatric pneumonia
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Influenza, Human, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Pneumococcal, United States, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Young Adult, Pandemics
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