The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung.

McCullers, Jonathan A.

doi:10.1038/nrmicro3231

Cited by 723Influenza Virus Research StudiesRespiratory viral infections researchPneumonia and Respiratory Infections

The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung.

McCullers, Jonathan A.·2014·Nature Reviews Microbiology

DOI 10.1038/nrmicro3231

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Abstract

Concern that a highly pathogenic virus might cause the next influenza pandemic has spurred recent research into influenza and its complications. Bacterial superinfection in the lungs of people suffering from influenza is a key element that promotes severe disease and mortality. This co-pathogenesis is characterized by complex interactions between co-infecting pathogens and the host, leading to the disruption of physical barriers, dysregulation of immune responses and delays in a return to homeostasis. The net effect of this cascade can be the outgrowth of the pathogens, immune-mediated pathology and increased morbidity. In this Review, advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms are discussed, and the key questions that will drive the field forwards are articulated.

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Bacteria are known to participate in interactions between host cells and viruses.
“In fact, bacteria are known to participate in interactions between host cells and viruses.”
From Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2: Beware of Lung Co-infection (2020) · cites this paper as McCullers, 2014
Although bacteria are typically secondary invaders during influenza infections, they express virulence factors that promote viral pathogenesis, resulting in increased viral load and declined clearance rates.
“Although bacteria are typically secondary invaders during influenza infections, they express virulence factors that promote viral pathogenesis. As a result, viral load increases and clearance rates decline (McCullers, 2014).”
From Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2: Beware of Lung Co-infection (2020) · cites this paper as McCullers, 2014
Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent bacterial coinfection.
“Consistent with the prior literature,55, 62 we found that S. pneumoniae was the most frequent bacterial coinfection; however, both S. aureus and other bacterial coinfections were also quite common.”
From The frequency of influenza and bacterial coinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2016) · cites this paper as [62]
Staphylococcus aureus and other bacterial coinfections were also quite common.
“Consistent with the prior literature,55, 62 we found that S. pneumoniae was the most frequent bacterial coinfection; however, both S. aureus and other bacterial coinfections were also quite common.”
From The frequency of influenza and bacterial coinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2016) · cites this paper as [62]

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Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus
Cheung, G. Y. C., Bae, J. S., & Otto, M. J. (2021) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Streptococcus pneumoniae: transmission, colonization and invasion
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Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study
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Authors: McCullers, J. A.
Affiliations: St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: McCullers, Jonathan A.
Venue: Nature Reviews Microbiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-03-03
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 252-262
ISSN: 1740-1526 (ISSN-L)
1740-1534
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3231
OpenAlex: W2076298858
Semantic Scholar: 6eb404402ff0d8d99a34a2cf97e6a417c97de878
Cited by: 722
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 23
FWCI: 7.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
Keywords: influenza virus, bacterial co-infection, secondary bacterial infection, lung, virulence factors, immune dysregulation, host-pathogen interaction, immune-mediated pathology, pandemic influenza
MeSH terms: Bacterial Infections, Humans, Influenza, Human, Lung, Pneumonia, Viral, Superinfection, Pneumonia, Bacterial, Coinfection

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The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung.

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