Current Causes of Death in Children and Adolescents in the United States
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Claims the paper makes
5 of 11 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Firearm homicides affect younger people in the US disproportionately.
“Given that firearm homicides disproportionately affect younger people in the United States,3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] source
- Premisecitation
The earlier analysis, using data through 2016, found that firearm-related injuries ranked second to motor vehicle crashes as the leading cause of death for children and adolescents aged 1 to 19.
“The previous analysis, which examined data through 2016, showed that firearm-related injuries were second only to motor vehicle crashes (both traffic-related and nontraffic-related) as the leading cause of death among children and adolescents, defined as persons 1 to 19 years of age.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] source
- Findingcitation
The crude rate of firearm suicides rose by 1.1% from 2019 to 2020.
“the crude rate of firearm suicides increased by 1.1%.1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
In 2020, Covid-19 accounted for 0.2 deaths per 100,000 children and adolescents.
“Covid-19 itself resulted in 0.2 deaths per 100,000 children and adolescents in 2020.1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingreasoning
From 2019 to 2020, drug overdose and poisoning deaths among children and adolescents rose by 83.6%.
“drug overdose and poisoning increased by 83.6% from 2019 to 2020 among children and adolescents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
The gap between firearm-related injuries and motor vehicle crashes as causes of death for children and adolescents narrowed after 2016.
“Since 2016, that gap has narrowed, and in 2020, firearm-related injuries became the leading cause of death in that age group (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Death rates for other leading causes among children and adolescents stayed relatively stable after the earlier analysis.
“The rates for other leading causes of death have remained relatively stable since the previous analysis”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The overall increase in firearm-related death rate from 2019 to 2020 was mostly attributable to firearm homicides.
“This change was driven largely by firearm homicides, which saw a 33.4% increase in the crude rate from 2019 to 2020, whereas the crude rate of firearm suicides increased by 1.1%.1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
The rise in drug overdose and poisoning deaths among children and adolescents from 2019 to 2020 is mostly explained by a 110.6% increase in unintentional poisonings.
“This change is largely explained by the 110.6% increase in unintentional poisonings from 2019 to 2020.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The rise in firearm-related deaths among children and adolescents from 2019 to 2020 occurred across most demographic groups and types of firearm-related death.
“The increase was seen across most demographic characteristics and types of firearm-related death (Fig. S1 in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For children and adolescents, the relative rise in the rate of all firearm-related deaths from 2019 to 2020 was 29.5%.
“From 2019 to 2020, the relative increase in the rate of firearm-related deaths of all types (suicide, homicide, unintentional, and undetermined) among children and adolescents was 29.5%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Drug overdose and poisoning became the third leading cause of death for children and adolescents in 2020.
“becoming the third leading cause of death in that age group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
That relative increase among children and adolescents was more than double the increase in the general population.
“more than twice as high as the relative increase in the general population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In 2020, firearm-related injuries became the leading cause of death for children and adolescents aged 1 to 19.
“in 2020, firearm-related injuries became the leading cause of death in that age group (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The new data reveal a 13.5% rise in the crude rate of firearm-related death between 2019 and 2020.
“these new data show a sharp 13.5% increase in the crude rate of firearm-related death from 2019 to 2020.1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
The crude rate of firearm homicides rose by 33.4% from 2019 to 2020.
“firearm homicides, which saw a 33.4% increase in the crude rate from 2019 to 2020”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
This suggests that the shifts in mortality trends for children and adolescents during the early Covid-19 pandemic were limited to firearm-related injuries and drug poisoning.
“which suggests that changes in mortality trends among children and adolescents during the early Covid-19 pandemic were specific to firearm-related injuries and drug poisoning”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The rise in firearm-related mortality is part of a longer-term trend.
“the increasing firearm-related mortality reflects a longer-term trend”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2
- May combine two claims. 3
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe new data align with other evidence that firearm violence rose during the Covid-19 pandemic.
“Although the new data are consistent with other evidence that firearm violence has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic,5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEarlier analyses found that firearm-related mortality rose from 2015 to 2019, while rates from 1999 to 2014 were comparatively stable.
“Although previous analyses have shown increases in firearm-related mortality in recent years (2015 to 2019), as compared with the relatively stable rates from earlier years (1999 to 2014),2,3”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] source
The Abstract says firearm-related mortality rose in 2015–17 after remaining relatively stable in 1999–2014, and the Study Results quantify that increase. This paper’s analysis ends in 2017, so it does not support the claim’s extension through 2019. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [3] source
The National Temporal Trends section reports relatively stable total firearm mortality from 1999 to 2014 and higher rates from 2015 through 2018. The paper states that its analysis ends in 2018, so it does not support the claim’s inclusion of 2019. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe CDC released updated official mortality data showing 45,222 firearm-related deaths in the US during 2020, a new peak.
“The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently released updated official mortality data that showed 45,222 firearm-related deaths in the United States in 2020 — a new peak.1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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“All 302 32 (14) 283 (94) 19 (6) 31 (10) 269 (90) 1 (<1) Firearm injury† 149 (49) 25 (8) 146 (98) 3 (2) 2 (1) 145 (99) 1 (<1) Firearm suicide 5 (2) 28 (9) 5 (100) 0 (0) 3 (60) 2 (40) 0 (0) Suicide by other means‡ 2 (1) 28 (13) 2 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (100) 0 (0) Drug overdose§ 64 (21) 31 (10) 53 (83) 11 (17) 11 (17) 53 (…”
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- Authors
- Goldstick, J. E., Cunningham, R. M., & Carter, P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-05-19
- Volume
- 386
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1955-1956
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC10042524
- OpenAlex
- W4224286732
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 146 · 2022: 63 · 2020: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 127.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (R01CE003294)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD087149)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
- Keywords
- causes of death, child mortality, adolescent mortality, mortality trends
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cause of Death, Child, Humans, United States, Causality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
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