Cited by 1,460Asthma and respiratory diseasesOccupational exposure and asthmaAllergic Rhinitis and Sensitization

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A Longitudinal, Population-Based, Cohort Study of Childhood Asthma Followed to Adulthood

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Sears, Malcolm R., Greene, Justina M., Willan, Andrew R., Wiecek, Elizabeth M., Taylor, D. Robin, Flannery, Erin M., Cowan, Jan O., Herbison, G. Peter, Silva, Phil A., Poulton, Richie·2003·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejmoa022363

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The outcome of childhood asthma in adults has been described in high-risk cohorts, but few population-based studies have reported the risk factors for persistence and relapse. METHODS: We assessed children born from April 1972 through March 1973 in Dunedin, New Zealand, repeatedly from 9 to 26 years of age with questionnaires, pulmonary-function tests, bronchial-challenge testing, and allergy testing. RESULTS: By the age of 26 years, 51.4 percent of 613 study members with complete respiratory data had reported wheezing at more than one assessment. Eighty-nine study members (14.5 percent) had wheezing that persisted from childhood to 26 years of age, whereas 168 (27.4 percent) had remission, but 76 (12.4 percent) subsequently relapsed by the age of 26. Sensitization to house dust mites predicted the persistence of wheezing (odds ratio, 2.41; P=0.001) and relapse (odds ratio, 2.18; P=0.01), as did airway hyperresponsiveness (odds ratio for persistence, 3.00; P<0.001; odds ratio for relapse, 3.03; P<0.001). Female sex predicted the persistence of wheezing (odds ratio, 1.71; P=0.03), as did smoking at the age of 21 years (odds ratio, 1.84; P=0.01). The earlier the age at onset, the greater the risk of relapse (odds ratio, 0.89 per year of increase in the age at onset; P<0.001). Pulmonary function was consistently lower in those with persistent wheezing than in those without persistent wheezing. CONCLUSIONS: In an unselected birth cohort, more than one in four children had wheezing that persisted from childhood to adulthood or that relapsed after remission. The factors predicting persistence or relapse were sensitization to house dust mites, airway hyperresponsiveness, female sex, smoking, and early age at onset. These findings, together with persistently low lung function, suggest that outcomes in adult asthma may be determined primarily in early childhood.

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“The notion that poor lung function is associated with asthma is beyond doubt—a number of studies have shown that impaired lung function in childhood is associated with persistent wheezing (77), troublesome childhood asthma (78, 79), persistent asthma throughout the life course (80), as well as with COPD in adulthood (…”
Background
Severe episodic viral wheeze in preschool children: High risk of asthma at age 5–10 years
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Background
Remission of adult-onset asthma is rare: a 15-year follow-up study
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BackgroundInfluential
The pediatric asthma yardstick
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“pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare that (1) RJK, AR, MS, PW, SE, SM GR, and SHA have no support from any company for the submitted work; (2) RJK, AR, MS, PW, SE, SM GR, and SHA have no relationship to any company that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 year…”
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Quality of Occupational History Assessments in Working Age Adults With Newly Diagnosed Asthma
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Abnormal lung function at preschool age asthma in adolescence?
Lajunen, K. T., Kalliola, S., Kotaniemi‐Syrjänen, A., Sarna, S. J., Malmberg, L. P., Pelkonen, A. S., & Mäkelä, M. J. (2018) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2018.03.002 · Cited by 37
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Climate Change Effects on Respiratory Health: Implications for Nursing
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“Its prevalence, highest during childhood (Sears et al., 2003), has been increasing over the past six decades, with the estimated overall worldwide prevalence of current asthma being 11.”
BackgroundInfluential
Adverse early-life environmental exposures and their repercussions on adult respiratory health
Mocelin, H. T., Fischer, G. B., & Bush, A. (2021) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.005 · Cited by 40
“Individuals with early mite sensitization progress with worsening lung function that is lower at school age than at age five years and remains low until age 26.(55) Data from developing countries show that in individuals with COPD, 35% were early exposed to cigarette smoke and indoor biomass combustion.”
Background
A Decreased Mean Platelet Volume Is Associated with Stable and Exacerbated Asthma
Sun, W., Zhang, J., Cao, Z., Li, Y., & Wang, R. (2014) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000360296 · Cited by 35
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“HDM allergic patients show symptoms such as allergic rhinitis or atopic dermatitis, and untreated HDM allergy is also a major risk factor for the development of asthma [4].”
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“We selected HDM to induce airway disease because it is an important environmental aeroallergen that has been identified as a risk factor for persistent asthma in human subjects [8,9].”
Method
Reduction in mouse allergen exposure is associated with greater lung function growth
Grant, T. L., Phipatanakul, W., Perzanowski, M. S., Balcer-Whaley, S. L., Peng, R. D., Curtin-Brosnan, J., Newman, M. G., Cunningham, A., Divjan, A., Bollinger, M. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.043 · Cited by 34
Persistent Asthma from Childhood to Adulthood Presents a Distinct Phenotype of Adult Asthma
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Method
Impaired Respiratory Health and Life Course Transitions From Health to Chronic Lung Disease
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“The effect has been most evident in subjects with subsequent symptoms of asthma.(3,4) In a prospective study, we have previously reported that children with early wheezing disorder clearly stand apart in terms of asthma prevalence in early adulthood compared with age-matched controls.”
Background
Bronchial hyper‐responsiveness in selective IgA deficiency
Papadopoulou, A., Mermiri, D., Taousani, S., Triga, M., Nicolaidou, P., & Priftis, K. Ν. (2005) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00316.x · Cited by 34
The therapy of pre‐school wheeze: Appropriate and fair?
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“The apparent discrimination in provision of asthma medication against girls and South Asian children is clearly disturbing and needs to be explored in further studies, given the higher hospitalization rate of South Asians(27) and the poorer long-term prognosis of girls.(32) Follow-up surveys in our cohort will show wh…”
Background
Asthma prevention: Breast is best?
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Differential Effects of Cannabis and Tobacco on Lung Function in Mid–Adult Life
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“found that female gender was a predictor of persistence of wheezing at age 21.(12) However, when it comes to the diagnosis of asthma, the distinction between genders appears less clear.”
Background
Classroom aeroallergen exposure in Arkansas head start centers
Perry, T. T., Vargas, P. A., Bufford, J., Feild, C., Flick, M., Simpson, P. M., Hamilton, R. G., & Jones, S. M. (2008) · Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60599-6 · Cited by 33
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Conte, P. L., Terzi, N., Mortamet, G., Abroug, F., Carteaux, G., Charasse, C., Chauvin, A., Combes, X., Dauger, S., Demoule, A., et al. (2019) · Annals of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s13613-019-0584-x · Cited by 32
A polygenic risk score and age of diagnosis of COPD
Zhang, J., Xu, H., Qiao, D., DeMeo, D. L., Silverman, E. K., O’Connor, G. T., Hobbs, B. D., Dupuis, J., Cho, M. H., & Moll, M. R. (2022) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01954-2021 · Cited by 31
Assessing the risk of attack in the management of asthma: a review and proposal for revision of the current control-centred paradigm
Blakey, J., Woolnough, K., Fellows, J., Walker, S. M., Thomas, M. D., & Pavord, I. D. (2013) · Primary Care Respiratory Journal · doi:10.4104/pcrj.2013.00063 · Cited by 32
Smoke exposure, airway symptoms and exhaled nitric oxide in infants: the Generation R study
Gabriele, C., Asgarali, R., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Moll, H. A., & de Jongste, J. C. (2008) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00132607 · Cited by 32
Advances in pediatric and adult asthma
Szefler, S. J., & Apter, A. J. (2005) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.1123 · Cited by 32
Reframing remission in severe asthma: a conceptual framework for distinguishing disease activity versus damage
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Asthma with allergic comorbidities in adolescence is associated with bronchial responsiveness and airways inflammation
Hovland, V., Riiser, A., Mowinckel, P., Carlsen, K., & Carlsen, K. C. L. (2014) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12241 · Cited by 31
“Two important, but not obligate, childhood characteristics of asthma are non-specific bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) (2, 5) and increased fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) (6–8).”
Background
Asthma incidence, remission, relapse and persistence: a population-based study in southern Taiwan
Wu, T., Wu, C., Lee, Y. L., Hsiue, T., & Guo, Y. L. (2014) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0135-9 · Cited by 31
Severe asthma in childhood
Fitzpatrick, A. M., Baena‐Cagnani, C. E., & Bacharier, L. B. (2012) · Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1097/aci.0b013e32835090ac · Cited by 31
“These findings are similar to those of the Childhood Asthma Management Research Program [49, 50] and the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study [51, 52] which demonstrated increased and persistent airflow limitation in children with persistent versus remitting asthma that was associated with greater ae…”
Result
Relationships between Specific Airway Resistance and Forced Expiratory Flows in Asthmatic Children
Mahut, B., Trinquart, L., Bokov, P., Bourgeois, M. L., Waernessyckle, S., Peiffer, C., & Delclaux, C. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005270 · Cited by 31
“Previous prospective studies in which asthmatic patients were followed up from school-age to adulthood showed that the lung function phenotype was acquired early in childhood [9,10].”
Result
Conventional epidemiology underestimates the incidence of asthma and wheeze‐a longitudinal population‐based study among teenagers
Hedman, L., Bjerg, A., Lundbäck, B., & Rönmark, E. (2012) · Clinical and Translational Allergy · doi:10.1186/2045-7022-2-1 · Cited by 33
“The number of population-based studies about the incidence of asthma and wheeze during adolescence are still limited [1-6].”
Background
The natural history of asthma from childhood to adulthood
Koh, M. S., & Irving, L. (2007) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01426.x · Cited by 31
The New Zealand Asthma and Allergy Cohort Study (NZA2CS): Assembly, Demographics and Investigations
the New Zealand Asthma and Allergy Cohort Study Group, Epton, M., Town, G. I., Ingham, T. R., Wickens, K. L., Fishwick, D., & Crane, J. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-26 · Cited by 31
Maternal glutathione S‐transferase GSTP1 genotype is a specific predictor of phenotype in children with asthma
Carroll, W. D., Lenney, W., Child, F., Strange, R. C., Jones, P. W., & Fryer, A. A. (2005) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00249.x · Cited by 31
“This difference was seen to continue well into adult life (21).”
Background
Picroside II Attenuates Airway Inflammation by Downregulating the Transcription Factor GATA3 and Th2-Related Cytokines in a Mouse Model of HDM-Induced Allergic Asthma
Choi, J., Choi, B. K., Kim, J. S., Lee, J.-W., Park, H. A., Ryu, H. W., Lee, S. U., Hwang, K. W., Yun, W.-K., Kim, H.-C., et al. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167098 · Cited by 30
Epidemiology of asthma across the ages
Miligkos, M., Oh, J., Kwon, R., Konstantinou, G. Ν., Kim, S., Yon, D. K., & Papadopoulos, N. G. (2024) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2024.12.004 · Cited by 30
Sex-Specific Development of Asthma Differs between Farm and Nonfarm Children: A Cohort Study
Genuneit, J. (2014) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201403-0428le · Cited by 30
Short burst oxygen therapy for relief of breathlessness in COPD
Roberts, C. M. (2004) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2003.017301 · Cited by 30
Does epigenetics play a role in human asthma?
Vercelli, D. (2016) · Allergology International · doi:10.1016/j.alit.2015.12.001 · Cited by 30
Association of Infant Eczema with Childhood and Adult Asthma: Analysis of Data from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study
Abo-Zaid, G., Sharpe, R. A., Fleming, L. E., Depledge, M. H., & Osborne, N. J. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15071415 · Cited by 31
Timing of household food insecurity exposures and asthma in a cohort of US school-aged children
Mangini, L. D., Hayward, M. D., Zhu, Y., Dong, Y., & Forman, M. R. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021683 · Cited by 30
Longitudinal Asthma Phenotypes from Childhood to Middle-Age: A Population-based Cohort Study
Tan, D. J., Lodge, C., Walters, E. H., Lowe, A. J., Bui, D., Bowatte, G., Pham, J., Erbas, B., Hui, J., Hamilton, G. S., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202208-1569oc · Cited by 31
Who is affected more by air pollution—Sick or healthy? Some evidence from a health survey of schoolchildren living in the vicinity of a coal-fired power plant in Northern Israel
Yogev-Baggio, T., Bibi, H., Dubnov, J., Or‐Chen, K., Carel, R. S., & Portnov, B. A. (2009) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.11.013 · Cited by 30
Natural history and risk factors of obstructive changes over a 10-year period in severe asthma
Matsunaga, K., Akamatsu, K., Miyatake, A., & Ichinose, M. (2012) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2012.11.014 · Cited by 30
The relation of airway obstruction to asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis and age: results from a population survey of adults
Obaseki, D., Potts, J., Joos, G., Bælum, J., Haahtela, T., Ahlström, M., Matricardi, P. M., Krämer, U., Gjomarkaj, M., Fokkens, W. J., et al. (2014) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.12447 · Cited by 30
“Among children it has been shown that growth of lung function is not affected by the presence of asthma, even though lung function is lower in children with asthma (4, 5).”
Background
Longitudinal assessment of airway responsiveness from 1 month to 18 years in the PIAF birth cohort
Cox, D., Mullane, D., Zhang, G., Turner, S., Hayden, C. M., Goldblatt, J., Landau, L. I., & Souëf, P. N. L. (2015) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00397-2015 · Cited by 30
Lung function trajectories and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Krishnan, J. K., & Martínez, F. J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000000456 · Cited by 32
Paternal Asthma, Mold Exposure, and Increased Airway Responsiveness Among Children With Asthma in Costa Rica
Ly, N. P., Soto-Quirós, M. E., Ávila, L., Hunninghake, G. M., Raby, B. A., Laskey, D. H., Sylvia, J. S., & Celedon, J. C. (2007) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.07-2130 · Cited by 30
Associations between cat keeping, allergen exposure, allergic sensitization and atopic diseases: Results from the Children of Lübeck Allergy and Environment Study (KLAUS)
Schäfer, T., Stieger, B., Polzius, R., & Krauspe, A. (2009) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00806.x · Cited by 30
Neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection May Aggravate Adulthood Allergic Airways Disease in Association with IL-17A
Yang, B., Liu, R., Yang, T., Jiang, X., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Wang, Q., Luo, Z., Liu, E., & Fu, Z. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123010 · Cited by 29
Genome-wide interaction study of dust mite allergen on lung function in children with asthma
Forno, E., Sordillo, J. E., Brehm, J. M., Chen, W., Benos, T., Yan, Q., Ávila, L., Soto-Quirós, M., Cloutier, M. M., Colón‐Semidey, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.967 · Cited by 29
“Moreover, poor lung function in children with asthma predicts exacerbations over subsequent followup,(47) and is associated with worse outcomes in adulthood.(48) Several studies (including genome-wide association study and candidate-gene studies) have been performed to identify genetic variants associated with lung fu…”
Background
Supernormal lung function and risk of COPD: A contemporary population-based cohort study
Çolak, Y., Nordestgaard, B. G., Lange, P., Vestbo, J., & Afzal, S. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100974 · Cited by 30
Revisiting asthma pharmacotherapy: where do we stand and where do we want to go?
Cazzola, M., Page, C. P., Matera, M. G., Rogliani, P., & Hanania, N. A. (2023) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00700-2023 · Cited by 30
Quality of life in adolescents with asthma, during the transition period from child to adult
Sundell, K., Bergström, S., Hedlin, G., Ygge, B., & Tunsäter, A. (2010) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1752-699x.2010.00218.x · Cited by 29
“Furthermore, Strachan as well as Sears has demonstrated that in males the severity of asthma decreases significantly during the progression from childhood to adulthood, whereas females exhibit a tendency to develop more serious asthma during adult life (4, 5).”
Background
Relationship between Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Impaired Lung Function after Infantile Asthma
Delacourt, C., Benoist, M. R., Bourgeois, M. L., Waernessyckle, S., Rufin, P., Brouard, J.-J., Jacques de, B. L. I. C., & Scheinmann, P. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001180 · Cited by 29
“Finally, prospective studies in which patients were followed up from school-age to adulthood showed that the lung function phenotype was acquired early in childhood and remained stable thereafter, regardless of the severity of asthma symptoms [16,17].”
Background
Risk factors for bronchial hyperresponsiveness in teenagers differ with sex and atopic status
Collins, R. A., Parsons, F., Deverell, M., Hollams, E. M., Holt, P. G., & Sly, P. D. (2011) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.03.016 · Cited by 29
Asthma phenotypes
Handoyo, S., & Rosenwasser, L. J. (2009) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-009-0065-7 · Cited by 29
Biomarkers to predict asthma in wheezing preschool children
Bannier, M. A. G. E., van de Kant, K. D. G., Jöbsis, Q., & Dompeling, E. (2014) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.12460 · Cited by 30
Asthma in preschool children: the next challenge
Saglani, S., & Bush, A. (2009) · Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1097/aci.0b013e3283292230 · Cited by 28
Estimating Wisconsin Asthma Prevalence Using Clinical Electronic Health Records and Public Health Data
Tomasallo, C. D., Hanrahan, L. P., Tandias, A., Chang, T. S., Cowan, K., & Guilbert, T. W. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301396 · Cited by 28
A systematic review of early life factors which adversely affect subsequent lung function
Kouzouna, A., Gilchrist, F. J., Ball, V., Kyriacou, T., Henderson, A. J., Pandyan, A. D., & Lenney, W. (2016) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.03.003 · Cited by 31
A population-based cohort of adults with asthma: mortality and participation in a long-term follow-up
Bäckman, H., Hedman, L., Stridsman, C., Jansson, S., Lindberg, A., Lundbäck, B., & Rönmark, E. (2017) · European Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1080/20018525.2017.1334508 · Cited by 28
Comparison of the Associations of Early-Life Factors on Wheezing Phenotypes in Preterm-Born Children and Term-Born Children
Kotecha, S. J., Watkins, W. J., Lowe, J., Granell, R., Henderson, A. J., & Kotecha, S. (2018) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwy268 · Cited by 28
“Because some wheezing phenotypes in largely term-born children are associated with lung function deficits (especially persistent wheeze) (12, 14, 16, 17), it will be important to investigate whether similar lung deficits are associated with particular wheezing phenotypes among preterm-born children.”
Background
Towards a fuller assessment of the economic benefits of reducing air pollution from fossil fuel combustion: Per-case monetary estimates for children's health outcomes
Shea, E., Perera, F. P., & Mills, D. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.109019 · Cited by 28
“Importantly for these scenarios, studies across populations demonstrate a persistence rate of around 15% for asthma that continues from childhood into adulthood [20], [21].”
Background
Adolescents with asthma: Consequences of transition from paediatric to adult healthcare
Bergström, S., Sundell, K., & Hedlin, G. (2009) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.09.021 · Cited by 28
Breastfeeding history and childhood allergic status in a prospective birth cohort
Wegienka, G., Ownby, D. R., Havstad, S. L., Williams, L. K., & Johnson, C. C. (2006) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61374-9 · Cited by 28
Children with stable asthma have reduced airway matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 ratio
Doherty, G. M., Kamath, S. V., de Courcey, F., Christie, S. N., Chisakuta, A. M., Lyons, J. D., Heaney, L. G., Ennis, M., & Shields, M. D. (2005) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02326.x · Cited by 28
Assessing direct and indirect airway hyperresponsiveness in children using impulse oscillometry
Kalliola, S., Malmberg, L. P., Kajosaari, M., Mattila, P. S., Pelkonen, A. S., & Mäkelä, M. J. (2014) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2014.04.026 · Cited by 27

Authors: Sears, M. R., Greene, J. M., Willan, A. R., Wiecek, E. M., Taylor, D. R., Flannery, E. M., Cowan, J. O., Herbison, G. P., Silva, P. A., & Poulton, R.
Affiliations: St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton (CA)
McMaster University (CA)
University of Otago (NZ)
ORCID: Sears, Malcolm R.
Willan, Andrew R.
Taylor, D. Robin
Poulton, Richie
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 2003-10-09
Volume: 349
Issue: 15
Pages: 1414-1422
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa022363
OpenAlex: W2104537618
Cited by: 1,460
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 70
FWCI: 40.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational exposure and asthma
Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
Keywords: childhood asthma, adult asthma, asthma persistence, asthma relapse, wheezing, house dust mite sensitization, airway hyperresponsiveness, sex differences, smoking, age at asthma onset, lung function, Dunedin birth cohort
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Asthma, Child, Child, Preschool, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, New Zealand, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Respiratory Function Tests, Respiratory Sounds, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Bronchial Hyperreactivity, Age of Onset, Disease Progression, Pyroglyphidae

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A Longitudinal, Population-Based, Cohort Study of Childhood Asthma Followed to Adulthood

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