The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 26 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease and conversion to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interventions that may prevent or delay such occurrences are of great clinical importance. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine whether pioglitazone can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults with impaired glucose tolerance. A total of 602 patients were randomly assigned to receive pioglitazone or placebo. The median follow-up period was 2.4 years. Fasting glucose was measured quarterly, and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed annually. Conversion to diabetes was confirmed on the basis of the results of repeat testing. RESULTS: Annual incidence rates for type 2 diabetes mellitus were 2.1% in the pioglitazone group and 7.6% in the placebo group, and the hazard ratio for conversion to diabetes in the pioglitazone group was 0.28 (95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 0.49; P<0.001). Conversion to normal glucose tolerance occurred in 48% of the patients in the pioglitazone group and 28% of those in the placebo group (P<0.001). Treatment with pioglitazone as compared with placebo was associated with significantly reduced levels of fasting glucose (a decrease of 11.7 mg per deciliter vs. 8.1 mg per deciliter [0.7 mmol per liter vs. 0.5 mmol per liter], P<0.001), 2-hour glucose (a decrease of 30.5 mg per deciliter vs. 15.6 mg per deciliter [1.6 mmol per liter vs. 0.9 mmol per liter], P<0.001), and HbA(1c) (a decrease of 0.04 percentage points vs. an increase of 0.20 percentage points, P<0.001). Pioglitazone therapy was also associated with a decrease in diastolic blood pressure (by 2.0 mm Hg vs. 0.0 mm Hg, P=0.03), a reduced rate of carotid intima-media thickening (31.5%, P=0.047), and a greater increase in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 7.35 mg per deciliter vs. 4.5 mg per deciliter [0.4 mmol per liter vs. 0.3 mmol per liter], P=0.008). Weight gain was greater with pioglitazone than with placebo (3.9 kg vs. 0.77 kg, P<0.001), and edema was more frequent (12.9% vs. 6.4%, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced the risk of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 72% but was associated with significant weight gain and edema. (Funded by Takeda Pharmaceuticals and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00220961.).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
37 Own result · 11 Own method · 8 No full text of the sources · 7 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because hyperglycemia plays a central role in the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, 3,5,6 it is possible that interventions that prevent or delay hyperglycemia may effectively prevent or delay these long-term complications.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
- Partly supportedcites [6] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the opening results passage (page unavailable), the paper says hyperglycemia plays a central role in microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes. A later results passage says differences in glycosylated hemoglobin accounted for much of the cardiovascular benefit of intensive therapy, supporting a role in macrovascular disease. The claim extends these type 1 findings to diabetes generally and states the macrovascular role more definitively than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced the risk of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 72% but was associated with significant weight gain and edema.”
- Also stated in: § Follow-up · plain
“The hazard ratio for development of diabetes in the pioglitazone group was 0.28 (95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 0.49; P<0.001).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Abstract
plainstates a causen = 303- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Follow-up · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triglyceride levels declined significantly with pioglitazone (129±7.5 to 110±4.0 mg per deciliter [7.2±0.42 to 6.1±0.22 mmol per liter], P = 0.007) but not with placebo (124±4.6 to 113±4.0 mg per deciliter [6.9±0.25 to 6.30±0.22mmol per liter], P = 0.90); the difference between groups was not significant.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triglyceride levels declined significantly with pioglitazone (129±7.5 to 110±4.0 mg per deciliter [7.2±0.42 to 6.1±0.22 mmol per liter], P = 0.007) but not with placebo (124±4.6 to 113±4.0 mg per deciliter [6.9±0.25 to 6.30±0.22mmol per liter], P = 0.90); the difference between groups was not significant.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced levels of both alanine aminotranferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.001).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insulin sensitivity as measured with the Matsuda index increased more with pioglitazone than with placebo (4.31±0.24 to 7.65±0.34vs.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced levels of both alanine aminotranferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.001).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triglyceride levels declined significantly with pioglitazone (129±7.5 to 110±4.0 mg per deciliter [7.2±0.42 to 6.1±0.22 mmol per liter], P = 0.007) but not with placebo (124±4.6 to 113±4.0 mg per deciliter [6.9±0.25 to 6.30±0.22mmol per liter], P = 0.90); the difference between groups was not significant.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced the risk of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 72% but was associated with significant weight gain and edema.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Weight gain was greater with pioglitazone than with placebo (3.9 kg vs. 0.77 kg, P<0.001)”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HbA 1c (a decrease of 0.04 percentage points vs. an increase of 0.20 percentage points, P<0.001)”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In one study, 9 the use of rosiglitazone decreased the risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance by 62%; given concerns about cardiovascular safety, 14 however, the Food and Drug Administration has restricted the use of rosig litazone therapy to patients in whom glycemic control cannot be achieved with other medications and who cannot take pioglitazone.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [14] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report increased odds of myocardial infarction with rosiglitazone, supporting the cardiovascular-safety concern immediately preceding citation 14. But the supplied claim concerns an FDA restriction: the Discussion describes FDA approval criteria, not a restriction limiting rosiglitazone to patients who cannot use other medications or pioglitazone. Searches for those eligibility conditions found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The natural history of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been well defined, 4 starting with a genetic predisposition and progression from normal glucose tolerance with insulin resistance to impaired glucose tolerance and eventually type 2 diabetes mellitus with the superimposition of beta-cell failure.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] source
The “Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes” section describes inherited insulin resistance with initially normal glucose tolerance, progression from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose tolerance, and then overt diabetes as β-cell function declines. No page number is supplied in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that the rate of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus is reduced with lifestyle modification 7 ; the use of metformin, 7 thiazolidinediones, [8][9][10][11] or acarbose 12 ; and bariatric surgery.13”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
- Partly supportedcites [10] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
This citation is attached to the thiazolidinediones clause, not the other interventions. The Discussion reports that troglitazone reduced diabetes incidence by 75% during treatment, but explicitly says whether other thiazolidinediones are effective remains to be determined. It therefore supports troglitazone, not the class-wide claim without qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of people who would need to be treated to prevent one case of diabetes was 8 for 2.2 years of the trial and 18 for 1 year.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Follow-up
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During a median follow-up period of 2.4 years (mean, 2.2), diabetes developed in 50 of the 299 patients in the placebo group (16.7%) and in 15 of the 303 patients in the pioglitazone group (5.0%).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Follow-up
plainn = 299- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protection from diabetes with pioglitazone was of similar magnitude (with no significant heterogeneity) in subgroups defined by sex, age, weight, race or ethnic group, and fasting glucose level, as well as in patients with both impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose and those with isolated impaired glucose tolerance (Fig. 3).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither pioglitazone nor placebo altered levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine fractures occurred in 8 of the patients receiving pioglitazone (3%) and eight fractures occurred in 7 of the patients receiving placebo (2.6%) (Table 4 in the Supplementary Appendix).All fractures were associated with trauma.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Although an increased incidence of fractures has been reported with the use of thiazolidinediones, in this study, the incidence was similar in both groups, and all fractures were related to trauma.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Adverse Events
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Events related to the cardiovascular system numbered 23 in the placebo group (7.7%) and 26 in the pioglitazone group (8.6%) (Table 3 in the Supplementary Appendix), with 1 case of congestive heart failure in each group (0.3%).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Physician-reported congestive heart failure developed in only one patient in each group.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“For the comparison of placebo and pioglitazone regarding frequency of edema, cardiovascular events, and total events, P = 0.007, P = 0.80, and P = 0.03, respectively.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Adverse Events
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ratio of urinary microalbumin to creatinine was low at baseline; during the study it fell slightly and similarly in the two groups (1.85±0.2 to 1.53±0.2mg per gram in the pioglitazone group vs. 1.47±0.3 to 1.25±0.3mg per gram in the placebo group, P = 0.20).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although pioglitazone is a well-documented insulin sensitizer, insulin resistance was reduced according to the Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity measured during the oral glucose-tolerance test but not according to measurement of insulin sensitivity during the frequent-sampling intravenous glucose-tolerance test.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Insulin sensitivity as determined with the use of an intravenous glucose-tolerance test with frequent sampling in a subgroup of 191 patients was not altered in either group.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
plainstates a causen = 191- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pioglitazone was associated with lower diastolic blood pressure, higher levels of HDL cholesterol, and reduced rates of carotid intima-media thickening, as compared with placebo.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Use of pioglitazone improved diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol levels, and serum levels of alanine aminotranferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and it slowed progression of carotid intima-media thickening.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One unexplained sudden death oc-curred in the placebo group, and three deaths occurred in the pioglitazone group (one unexplained sudden death, one death from biliary carcinoma, and one death from a carcinoid tumor).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Adverse Events
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Edema and weight gain were greater with pioglitazone than with placebo, as reported previously, 8,40 and edema largely accounted for the increase in adverse events associated with pioglitazone.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
What the sources say
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We calculated that enrollment of approximately 600 patients was required to achieve 90% power, if treatment with pioglitazone decreased the rate of conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 50%.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Statistical Analysis
plainstates a causen = 600- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In one study, 9 the use of rosiglitazone decreased the risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance by 62%; given concerns about cardiovascular safety, 14 however, the Food and Drug Administration has restricted the use of rosig litazone therapy to patients in whom glycemic control cannot be achieved with other medications and who cannot take pioglitazone.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, further glycemic separation between groups over time would presumably have a beneficial effect on microvascular disease.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since neither approach produced statistically significant evidence of bias due to missing data, the primary and secondary analyses were performed without data imputation.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Takeda Pharmaceuticals provided financial support for the study but had no access to the data.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All results were transmitted to the Data Coordinating Center in Phoenix, Arizona, where they were recorded and audited and then sent to the Data Analysis Center in San Antonio.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was conducted in accordance with the protocol.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Troglitazone was reported to be associated with a 55% decrease in the rate of conversion to diabetes among women with prior gestational diabetes, 11 but this agent is no longer available.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The small difference in levels of HbA 1c between the two groups is not surprising, given the low baseline level of HbA 1c in patients with impaired glucose tolerance.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of adherence to the study regimen, assessed by means of pill counts, was greater than 80% in both groups.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Follow-up
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if development of diabetic hyperglycemia can be delayed or prevented, it is plausible that the onset of microvascular complications might be slowed.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is not feasible to conduct studies of microvascular outcomes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance because of the large sample and long study duration required.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss to follow-up was relatively high in both study groups (24% in the placebo group and 30% in the pioglitazone group, not a significant dif-ference).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Microvascular and macrovascular complications are common in type 2 diabetes mellitus and are related to both the severity and the duration of hyperglycemia. 3”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine whether pioglitazone can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults with impaired glucose tolerance.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, the greater the weight gain, the greater the improvements in betacell function and insulin sensitivity, and thus the greater the reduction in HbA 1c .26,35,36”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
What the sources say
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Carotid intima-media thickening is highly correlated with cardiovascular events, and changes in this measure over time have predictive value beyond that of standard markers of risk.18,38”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
What the sources say
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease.
“Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease and conversion to type 2 diabetes mellitus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is strong evidence that oral glucose-lowering medications approved for DM reduce the progression of prediabetes to DM.888–896”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [890]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Metformin can also be combined with linagliptin to decrease DM incidence over that observed with metformin alone.890”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [890]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Other studies have reported lower conversion rates29 (19% in controls in the DPP Outcomes study).15”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“However, these hypotheses are based on results from the Swedish Obese Subjects Study in which subjects were not randomized and the control group was contemporaneously matched, only received conventional treatment, and differed by a number of characteristics at baseline.”
From Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future (2014) · cites this paper as [174]
In the citing paper
“Pioglitazone showed effectiveness in the ACT NOW Study on obese people with IGT. The risk of diabetes decreased by >70% and the drug was associated with improved diastolic blood pressure, improved HDL-cholesterol and a reduced rate of carotid intima-media thickening. However, weight gain was greater with pioglitazone (~3 kg compared to placebo) and edema was more frequently reported (13% vs. 6%).”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“In Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW), treatment with pioglitazone 45 mg per day reduced incident diabetes 72% over 2.4 years in patients with IGT and at least one other risk factor for T2DM and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.203”
From The Vasculature in Prediabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [203]
In the citing paper
“Thiazolidinediones prevent the development of diabetes in individuals with IFG or IGT.”
From The Vasculature in Prediabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [203]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“eight fractures occurred in 7 of the patients receiving placebo (2.6%)”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Adverse Events
Reported 2.6 · recomputed 2.341137
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Participants
“Mean BMI 33.0±0.434.5±0.40.44”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
“34.1±0.4 to 35.5±0.4,and 40.0±0.8 to 41.9±0.7%,respectively), but the increments were greater with pioglitazone”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Triglyceride levels declined significantly with pioglitazone (129±7.5 to 110±4.0 mg per deciliter [7.2±0.42 to 6.1±0.22 mmol per liter], P = 0.007)”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Reported 7.2 · recomputed 1.45641
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was greater with pioglitazone (40±1 to 48±1 mg per deciliter [2.2±0.06 to 2.7±0.06 mmol per liter])”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Reported 2.2 · recomputed 1.0344
Citations
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
Stratton, I. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 · Cited by 9,059
10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes
Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R., & Neil, H. A. W. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0806470 · Cited by 7,751
Matsuda, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 · Cited by 5,621
Self-citationIntensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
(2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa052187 · Cited by 5,138
Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes
Nissen, S. E., & Wolski, K. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa072761 · Cited by 4,675
Pan, X.-R., Li, G.-W., Hu, Y.-H., Wang, J.-X., Yang, W.-Y., An, Z.-X., Hu, Z.-X., Juan-Lin, Xiao, J.-Z., Cao, H.-B., et al. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.4.537 · Cited by 4,320
Dormandy, J. A., Charbonnel, B., Eckland, D. J., Erdmann, E., Massi-Benedetti, M., Moules, I. K., Skene, A. M., Tan, M. H., Lefèbvre, P. J., Murray, G. D., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67528-9 · Cited by 4,129
β-Cell Deficit and Increased β-Cell Apoptosis in Humans With Type 2 Diabetes
Butler, A. E., Janson, J., Bonner-Weir, S., Ritzel, R., Rizza, R. A., & Butler, P. C. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.1.102 · Cited by 4,011
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 750
Alimentazione, salute e longevità nei pazienti adulti
Gnerre, G. E. P., Frediani, R., Risicato, R., Rondana, M., & Nardi, R. (2019) · Italian Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4081/itjm.q.2019.7 · Cited by 2
Li, J., Yu, Y., Sun, Y. B., Fu, Y., Shen, W., Cai, L., Tan, X. W., Cai, Y., Wang, N., Lu, Y., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98709.3 · Cited by 3
Abusnana, S., Sabbour, H. M., Afandi, B. O., Farghaly, M., Farooqi, M. H., Hafidh, K., Hassanein, M. M., Jabbar, A., Shehab, A., Kalimat, R., et al. (2026) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s579970 · Cited by 1
“…vs the control group was more similar for younger subjects (25–44 years, –44% and –48% risk reductions), heavier subjects (BMI ≥35 kg/m 2 , –53% and –51% risk reductions) and those with higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at baseline (6.1–6.9 mmol/L [110–125 mg/dL], –48% and –63% risk reductions).”
InfluentialPrediabetes and 20-year cardiovascular disease incidence: the ATTICA cohort study (2002–2022)
Papazachariou, A., Filippatos, T. D., Kechagia, I., Barkas, F., Liberopoulos, E. N., Sfikakis, P. P., Chrysohoou, C. A., Pitsavos, C. E., Tsioufis, C., & Panagiotakos, D. (2026) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwag164 · Cited by 1
Can We Prevent or Delay Type 2 Diabetes?
Emini, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/54872 · Cited by 1
The drug industry is a barrier to diabetes care in poor countries
Yudkin, J. S. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e3018 · Cited by 1
The ‘collateral benefits‘ of noninsulin therapies for Type 2 diabetes
Roe, E. D., PON, N. C., Hollander, P. A., & Raskin, P. (2013) · Diabetes Management · doi:10.2217/dmt.13.5 · Cited by 1
Glitazones: Could They Have a Rosy Future in Critical Care?
Marment, S. K. M., Semark, A. J., & Krüger, P. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25716-2_14 · Cited by 1
NASH in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Clinical Implications for the Endocrinologist
Cusi, K. J. (2014) · The Endocrine Society eBooks · doi:10.1210/mtp3.9781936704835.ch28 · Cited by 1
Dietary Management of Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes
Ajala, O., & English, P. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800093-9.00007-7 · Cited by 1
Role of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors in Pre-diabetes and Their Extra-glycemic Effects
Ahmadieh, H., Ghazal, N., & Azar, S. T. (2016) · International Archives of Medicine · doi:10.3823/2129 · Cited by 1
“These include biguanides, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors and incretin based therapies [23, 26-33].”
BackgroundDiabetes-Old Therapies Revisited
Guimarães, J. (2016) · Endocrinology&Metabolism International Journal · doi:10.15406/emij.2016.03.00056 · Cited by 1
“Due to their insulinsensitizing activity, glitazones are not associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia and reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in patients with intermediate hyperglycemia [59] possibly by reduction of lipotoxicity and inflammatory state which improve insulin resistance, but can also improve…”
BackgroundHypertension and Dyslipidemia in Patients with Pre-Diabetes
Tsimihodimos, V., & Florentin, M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800093-9.00013-2 · Cited by 1
Kim, J. D., & Lee, W. (2020) · Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.36011/cpp.2020.2.e10 · Cited by 1
Pang, B., Zhang, Y., Hu, H.-J., Sun, Y., Cao, A.-M., Lu, C.-Q., Zhang, W., & Ni, Q. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/6006802 · Cited by 1
SGLT-2 inhibitors: does it matter if they prevent type 2 diabetes
Cheng, A. Y. Y. (2021) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00310-7 · Cited by 1
Histone Deacetylase HDAC8 and Insulin Resistance
Wong, V. W., Mok, M. T. S., & Cheng, A. S. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55530-0_23 · Cited by 1
Diagnosis and treatment of prediabetes as prevention of type 2 diabetes: A review
Petunina, N. A., Martirosian, N. S., Викторович, Х. М., Zhutaeva, M. A., Shaposhnikova, A. A., Karpenko, E. V., & Abdulganieva, Z. A. (2023) · Consilium Medicum · doi:10.26442/20751753.2023.4.202312 · Cited by 1
Prediabetes: difícil decisión en el tratamiento farmacológico
Martinez, C. A. G., Corredor-Rengifo, D., & Abreu-Lomba, A. (2024) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health · doi:10.18041/2665-427x/ijeph.1.10267 · Cited by 1
Deciphering the Effects of Semaglutide Across the Glycemic Spectrum
Misra, S. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci24-0057 · Cited by 1
Prediabetes: A Benign Intermediate Stage or a Risk Factor in Itself?
Mulla, I. G., Anjankar, A. P., Pratinidhi, S. A., Agrawal, S. V., Gundpatil, D., & Lambe, S. D. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.63186 · Cited by 2
Costantino, G., Montano, N., & Casazza, G. (2015) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-015-1271-z · Cited by 1
Addressing noncommunicable disease at the population level: a focus on diabetes
Dyson, P. A. (2014) · Diabetes Management · doi:10.2217/dmt.13.75 · Cited by 1
Optimising the Use of Metformin for Diabetes Prevention
Hostalek, U., Gwilt, M., & Campbell, I. (2018) · Diabetes & its Complications · doi:10.33425/2639-9326.1029 · Cited by 1
“Thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) have been shown to reduce the incidence of diabetes in people with IGT (see also the CANOE study, described above, which evaluated a combination of rosiglitazone and metformin) [57,58].”
Diabetes Mellitus and Renal Transplantation
Cook, C. B., & Chakkera, H. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97765-2_6 · Cited by 1
Nyenwe, E. A., JAMES, D. J., Wan, J. Y., & Dagogo-Jack, S. E. (2020) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa137 · Cited by 1
“Available evidence indicate that interventions such as lifestyle modification [6, 7, 16] and medications [6, 31-33] can prevent or delay incident T2DM in subjects with prediabetes; but these interventions did not reverse prediabetes in a majority of the subjects.”
BackgroundStepanov, Y. М., & Zavhorodnia, O. Y. (2020) · GASTROENTEROLOGY · doi:10.22141/2308-2097.54.3.2020.211738 · Cited by 1
Hígado graso no alcohólico: certezas e incertidumbres de una epidemia silenciosa
Ballerga, E. G., Curia, A., & Cusi, K. J. (2020) · Acta gastroenteorológica latinoamericana/Acta gastroenterológica latinoamericana · doi:10.52787/zojs3069 · Cited by 2
“En un estudio de fase IIB se trataron 320 pacientes durante 72 semanas con semaglutide, a dosis diarias de 0,1; 0,2 y 0,4 miligramos, en el que un 62% tenía DM2.”
BackgroundInfluentialWareham, N. J. (2022) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0262 · Cited by 1
Takahara, M., Shiraiwa, T., Maeno, Y., Yamamoto, K., Shiraiwa, Y., Yoshida, Y., Nishioka, N., Katakami, N., & Shimomura, I. (2022) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-022-01064-w · Cited by 1
Diabetes--it's the basics that count.
Spellman, C. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Moreira‐Lucas, T. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Special Issue: Emerging Paradigms in Insulin Resistance
Collier, J. J., & Burke, S. J. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071471 · Cited by 1
Classification, epidemiology, diagnosis, and risk factors of diabetes
Curtis, J. M., & Knowler, W. C. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118887837.ch2
PPAR agonists in the treatment of diabetes
Mudaliar, S. R. D., & Henry, R. R. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118387658.ch44
Self-citationIs Prediabetes a Risk Factor or is it a Disease?
Muthusamy, K., & Vella, A. V. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444340280.ch1
Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Therapy
Levine, T. B., & Levine, A. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118480045.ch15
Gohlke, H., Albus, C., Bönner, G., Darius, H., Eckert, S., Gohlke-Bärwolf, C., Gysan, D. B., Hahmann, H., Halle, M., Hambrecht, R., et al. (2013) · Der Kardiologe · doi:10.1007/s12181-012-0468-x
Pioglitazone for people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting blood glucose
Cao, L., Li, J., Wu, H., Liu, G. J., Dong, B. R., & Lü, Q. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009989
Courtney, M., Moler, E. J., Conard, S. E., Osborne, J. D., & Whitney, G. (2015) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s78810
Bolusani, H. (2013) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Diabetes Prevention in Practice: Examples from the Real World
Makrilakis, K., Liatis, S., Gilis‐Januszewska, A., et al. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118661321.ch8
Regulation of Adipocyte Transcription by PPARgamma Ligands
Step, S. E. (2014) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Can we prevent diabetes with a single pill?
Tripathy, D., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2011) · Diabetes Management · doi:10.2217/dmt.11.35
Self-citationDiabetes trials: is an ounce of prevention enough?
Green, J. B. (2013) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2013.827382
Mannucci, E., Monami, M., Dicembrini, I., & Rotella, C. M. (2013) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.02.008
Le diabète chez les personnes âgées
Meneilly, G. S., Knip, A., & Tessier, D. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.07.041
Pioglitazone for adults with high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cao, L., Sun, H., Wu, H., Lü, Q., & McKee, A. M. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011759
RetractedNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus
Naini, S. R., & Fuchs, M. A. (2014) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2014.938053
“By improving insulin sensitivity, thiazolidinediones facilitate dose reduction of insulin [148] and may even delay the onset of diabetes mellitus in patients with impaired glucose tolerance [149].”
BackgroundGuiding diabetes screening and prevention: rationale, recommendations and remaining challenges
Aroda, V. R., & Getaneh, A. (2015) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2015.1054280
“No difference in cardiovascular events or fractures was seen [87].”
BackgroundRéduction du risque de diabète
Ransom, T. P. P., Goldenberg, R., Mikalachki, A., Prebtani, A. P. H., & Punthakee, Z. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.07.033
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from Clinical Trials
Karam, J. G., & McFarlane, S. I. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-357-2_12
“Finally, the Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) trial is a randomized and double-blinded study enrolling 602 patients with IGT, assigned to pioglitazone 45 mg daily or placebo [ 32 ] .”
MethodLa prevención de la diabetes tipo 2. Muchas aristas y el peso como cuestión central
Bueno, E. (2015) · Revista Virtual de la Sociedad Paraguaya de Medicina Interna · doi:10.18004/rvspmi/2312-3893/2015.02(01)08-010
Pioglitazone: lessons and learnings 15 years since launch and beyond
Stempa, O. (2015) · Diabetes Management · doi:10.2217/dmt.15.38
Treatment with Thiazolidinediones
Suvag, S., Utzschneider, K. M., & Kahn, S. E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1331-8_9
Extrapancreatic actions of incretin-based therapies on bone in diabetes mellitus
Mansur, S. A. (2015) · UTHM Institutional Repository (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
Pioglitazon ved forebygging av type 2-diabetes
Aasheim, E. T. (2011) · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening · doi:10.4045/tidsskr.11.0497
Ammon, H. P. T., Burchard, A., Drexel, H., Füchtenbusch, M., Hauner, H., Matthaei, S., Merkel, M., Müller‐Wieland, D., Pfohl, M., Roden, M., et al. (2014)
Chang, E., Kozak, B., & Close, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00097.x · Cited by 1
ApproachtoTherap y in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
DeFronzo, R. A., & Eldor, R. (2013)
Self-citationNanosciences, Diabetes and the Patient
Martín, R. G. D. M., Le Mignon, L., Hunter, R. P., Patel, B., & Preedy, R. (2012) · Science Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11775-25
Mannucci, E., & Perriello, G. (2012)
羽田, 裕., 敏正, 山., & 孝, 門. (2015) · 心臓 · doi:10.11281/shinzo.47.951
Pioglitazone to Prevent Progression to Diabetes
Moloo, J. (2011) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/jw201104190000001
EFFECT OF PIOGLITAZONE ON SERUM HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) LEVELS OF TYPE-2 DIABETICS
Iqbal, M. Z., Iftikhar, R., & Muhammad, K. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Obesity and the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Bray, G. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802928-2.00030-8
Self-citationPioglitazone - A Bullet for Many Targets!
Deepalakshmi, M. A. K., Atluri, H., & Kp, A. (2018) · Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.5530/ijopp.11.1.2
Bianchi, C., Daniele, G., Dardano, A., & Prato, S. D. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27317-4_19-1
Pharmacological Intervention for the Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus
Joung, H. N., & Kwon, H. (2018) · Journal of Korean Diabetes · doi:10.4093/jkd.2018.19.3.140
A Patient with High Cardiometabolic Risk
Shukla, A. P., & Mandel, L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01039-3_3
Black, J. E. (2018) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Pharmacoepigenetics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DiStefano, J. K., & Watanabe, R. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813939-4.00018-8
A metformin helye a prediabetes kezelésében – ahogyan ma látjuk
Winkler, G. (2019) · Diabetologia Hungarica · doi:10.24121/dh.2019.13 · Cited by 1
Stümvoll, M., & Tönjes, A. (2011) · Der Diabetologe · doi:10.1007/s11428-011-0684-1
Pre-diabetes and cardiovascular risk: detonating the time bomb
Bostock-Cox, B. (2020) · Practice Nursing · doi:10.12968/pnur.2020.31.5.200
Glucotoxicité et lipotoxicité dans le diabète de type 2 : comment protéger la cellule β ?
Scheen, A. J. (2020) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/j.mmm.2020.05.005
NAFLD and Cardiovascular and Cardiac Disease: Clinical Implications
Scorletti, E., & Byrne, C. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95828-6_9
So kann die Diabetesflut eingedämmt werden: Screening und frühzeitige Präventionsmaßnahmen
Palitzsch, K., & Bührlen, M. (2012) · MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin
Prediabetes ¿de qué estamos hablando?
Escalada, J. (2021) · Advances in Laboratory Medicine / Avances en Medicina de Laboratorio · doi:10.1515/almed-2021-0030
Suleiman, M., Yi, X., Bosi, E., Burdet, F., Luca, C. D., Tesi, M., Guerra, S. D., Pocai, A., SIMONE, P. D., Boggi, U., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-871924/v1
Management of type 2 diabetes without insulin: An update for the PCP
Thiruvengadam, S., & Peter, P. R. (2021) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101290 · Cited by 1
“Is Prediabetes a Risk Factor or Is It a Disease?”
Kohlenberg, J. D., & Vella, A. V. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119603207.ch1
Shan, Y., Cole, S. A., Haack, K., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3984117
PREDIABETES – RISKS AND APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT
Guha, M. K. (2021) · PARIPEX-INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH · doi:10.36106/paripex/3500371
Ammon, H. P. T., Burchard, A., Drexel, H., Füchtenbusch, M., Häring, H., Hauner, H., Joost, H., Matthaei, S., Merkel, M., Müller‐Wieland, D., et al. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41358-2_4
Sawhney, A. G., & Rothkopf, M. M. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17616-7 · Cited by 2
Bianchi, C., Daniele, G., Dardano, A., & Prato, S. D. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45015-5_19
Yates, T. E., & Davies, M. J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118387658.ch38
Padma, K. (2022) · International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies · doi:10.32553/ijmbs.v6i2.2449
comparative study between type 1 & type 2 diabetes mellitus and its effect on the retina
Sameer, N., Saad, D., Hussein, R., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns2.6631
“Despite knowledge increasing regarding risk factors for type 2 diabetes and evidence for successful prevention programs, the incidence and prevalence of the disease continues to rise globally [12].”
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, and type 2 diabetes
Opie, L. H., & Meier, J. J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-3322-4.00020-x
Horton, E. S. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781118954621.ch3
(2013) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12036
“During the Q&A session, Dr Garg discussed the discrepancy between IDPP-2 and a similar study conducted in the US that found a benefit with pioglitazone in preventing T2D.(4) In hypothesizing an explanation, he pointed to the belief held by some endocrinologists that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are more effective in peop…”
InfluentialTjota, M. Y., Kozak, B. M., Chang, E. M., Wu, V. L., & Close, K. L. (2011) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00140.x
Pioglitazone for people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting blood glucose
Cao, L., Li, J., Wu, H., Liu, G. J., Dong, B. R., & Lü, Q. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009989.pub2
Kawa, L. B. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.4236/jdm.2022.122009
The role of pioglitazon in modern treatment of type 2 diabetes
Piťhová, P. (2022) · Medicína pro praxi · doi:10.36290/med.2022.043
Metadata
- Authors
- DeFronzo, R. A., Tripathy, D., Schwenke, D. C., Banerji, M., Bray, G. A., Buchanan, T. A., Clement, S. C., Henry, R. R., Hodis, H. N., Kitabchi, A. E., Mack, W. J., Mudaliar, S., Ratner, R. E., Williams, K., Stentz, F. B., Musi, N., & Reaven, P. D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Texas Diabetes Institute (US)
- Phoenix VA Health Care System (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Georgetown University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- MedStar Health Research Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2011-03-24
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1104-1115
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2131330057
- Semantic Scholar
- 2537f2b5521882869eda52ee137db9e85431749f
- Cited by
- 766
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 49.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR00221, M01RR000043)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- pioglitazone, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes prevention, thiazolidinediones, glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, carotid intima-media thickening, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, cardiovascular risk, PPARγ agonists, statins, fibrates, nicotinic acid, fenofibrate
- MeSH terms
- Pioglitazone, Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Double-Blind Method, Edema, Follow-Up Studies, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin Resistance, Middle Aged, Weight Gain, Life Tables, Proportional Hazards Models, Glucose Intolerance, Thiazolidinediones, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
