The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 26 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease and conversion to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interventions that may prevent or delay such occurrences are of great clinical importance. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine whether pioglitazone can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults with impaired glucose tolerance. A total of 602 patients were randomly assigned to receive pioglitazone or placebo. The median follow-up period was 2.4 years. Fasting glucose was measured quarterly, and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed annually. Conversion to diabetes was confirmed on the basis of the results of repeat testing. RESULTS: Annual incidence rates for type 2 diabetes mellitus were 2.1% in the pioglitazone group and 7.6% in the placebo group, and the hazard ratio for conversion to diabetes in the pioglitazone group was 0.28 (95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 0.49; P<0.001). Conversion to normal glucose tolerance occurred in 48% of the patients in the pioglitazone group and 28% of those in the placebo group (P<0.001). Treatment with pioglitazone as compared with placebo was associated with significantly reduced levels of fasting glucose (a decrease of 11.7 mg per deciliter vs. 8.1 mg per deciliter [0.7 mmol per liter vs. 0.5 mmol per liter], P<0.001), 2-hour glucose (a decrease of 30.5 mg per deciliter vs. 15.6 mg per deciliter [1.6 mmol per liter vs. 0.9 mmol per liter], P<0.001), and HbA(1c) (a decrease of 0.04 percentage points vs. an increase of 0.20 percentage points, P<0.001). Pioglitazone therapy was also associated with a decrease in diastolic blood pressure (by 2.0 mm Hg vs. 0.0 mm Hg, P=0.03), a reduced rate of carotid intima-media thickening (31.5%, P=0.047), and a greater increase in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 7.35 mg per deciliter vs. 4.5 mg per deciliter [0.4 mmol per liter vs. 0.3 mmol per liter], P=0.008). Weight gain was greater with pioglitazone than with placebo (3.9 kg vs. 0.77 kg, P<0.001), and edema was more frequent (12.9% vs. 6.4%, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced the risk of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 72% but was associated with significant weight gain and edema. (Funded by Takeda Pharmaceuticals and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00220961.).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
4 of 26 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because hyperglycemia plays a central role in the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, 3,5,6 it is possible that interventions that prevent or delay hyperglycemia may effectively prevent or delay these long-term complications.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
- Partly supportedcites [6] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the opening results passage (page unavailable), the paper says hyperglycemia plays a central role in microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes. A later results passage says differences in glycosylated hemoglobin accounted for much of the cardiovascular benefit of intensive therapy, supporting a role in macrovascular disease. The claim extends these type 1 findings to diabetes generally and states the macrovascular role more definitively than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced the risk of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 72% but was associated with significant weight gain and edema.”
- Also stated in: § Follow-up · plain
“The hazard ratio for development of diabetes in the pioglitazone group was 0.28 (95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 0.49; P<0.001).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Follow-up · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triglyceride levels declined significantly with pioglitazone (129±7.5 to 110±4.0 mg per deciliter [7.2±0.42 to 6.1±0.22 mmol per liter], P = 0.007) but not with placebo (124±4.6 to 113±4.0 mg per deciliter [6.9±0.25 to 6.30±0.22mmol per liter], P = 0.90); the difference between groups was not significant.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triglyceride levels declined significantly with pioglitazone (129±7.5 to 110±4.0 mg per deciliter [7.2±0.42 to 6.1±0.22 mmol per liter], P = 0.007) but not with placebo (124±4.6 to 113±4.0 mg per deciliter [6.9±0.25 to 6.30±0.22mmol per liter], P = 0.90); the difference between groups was not significant.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced levels of both alanine aminotranferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.001).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insulin sensitivity as measured with the Matsuda index increased more with pioglitazone than with placebo (4.31±0.24 to 7.65±0.34vs.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced levels of both alanine aminotranferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.001).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triglyceride levels declined significantly with pioglitazone (129±7.5 to 110±4.0 mg per deciliter [7.2±0.42 to 6.1±0.22 mmol per liter], P = 0.007) but not with placebo (124±4.6 to 113±4.0 mg per deciliter [6.9±0.25 to 6.30±0.22mmol per liter], P = 0.90); the difference between groups was not significant.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced the risk of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 72% but was associated with significant weight gain and edema.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Weight gain was greater with pioglitazone than with placebo (3.9 kg vs. 0.77 kg, P<0.001)”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HbA 1c (a decrease of 0.04 percentage points vs. an increase of 0.20 percentage points, P<0.001)”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In one study, 9 the use of rosiglitazone decreased the risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance by 62%; given concerns about cardiovascular safety, 14 however, the Food and Drug Administration has restricted the use of rosig litazone therapy to patients in whom glycemic control cannot be achieved with other medications and who cannot take pioglitazone.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [14] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report increased odds of myocardial infarction with rosiglitazone, supporting the cardiovascular-safety concern immediately preceding citation 14. But the supplied claim concerns an FDA restriction: the Discussion describes FDA approval criteria, not a restriction limiting rosiglitazone to patients who cannot use other medications or pioglitazone. Searches for those eligibility conditions found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The natural history of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been well defined, 4 starting with a genetic predisposition and progression from normal glucose tolerance with insulin resistance to impaired glucose tolerance and eventually type 2 diabetes mellitus with the superimposition of beta-cell failure.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] source
The “Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes” section describes inherited insulin resistance with initially normal glucose tolerance, progression from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose tolerance, and then overt diabetes as β-cell function declines. No page number is supplied in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that the rate of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus is reduced with lifestyle modification 7 ; the use of metformin, 7 thiazolidinediones, [8][9][10][11] or acarbose 12 ; and bariatric surgery.13”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
- Partly supportedcites [10] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
This citation is attached to the thiazolidinediones clause, not the other interventions. The Discussion reports that troglitazone reduced diabetes incidence by 75% during treatment, but explicitly says whether other thiazolidinediones are effective remains to be determined. It therefore supports troglitazone, not the class-wide claim without qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of people who would need to be treated to prevent one case of diabetes was 8 for 2.2 years of the trial and 18 for 1 year.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Follow-up
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During a median follow-up period of 2.4 years (mean, 2.2), diabetes developed in 50 of the 299 patients in the placebo group (16.7%) and in 15 of the 303 patients in the pioglitazone group (5.0%).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Follow-up
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protection from diabetes with pioglitazone was of similar magnitude (with no significant heterogeneity) in subgroups defined by sex, age, weight, race or ethnic group, and fasting glucose level, as well as in patients with both impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose and those with isolated impaired glucose tolerance (Fig. 3).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither pioglitazone nor placebo altered levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine fractures occurred in 8 of the patients receiving pioglitazone (3%) and eight fractures occurred in 7 of the patients receiving placebo (2.6%) (Table 4 in the Supplementary Appendix).All fractures were associated with trauma.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Although an increased incidence of fractures has been reported with the use of thiazolidinediones, in this study, the incidence was similar in both groups, and all fractures were related to trauma.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Adverse Events
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 8Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Events related to the cardiovascular system numbered 23 in the placebo group (7.7%) and 26 in the pioglitazone group (8.6%) (Table 3 in the Supplementary Appendix), with 1 case of congestive heart failure in each group (0.3%).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Physician-reported congestive heart failure developed in only one patient in each group.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“For the comparison of placebo and pioglitazone regarding frequency of edema, cardiovascular events, and total events, P = 0.007, P = 0.80, and P = 0.03, respectively.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Adverse Events
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ratio of urinary microalbumin to creatinine was low at baseline; during the study it fell slightly and similarly in the two groups (1.85±0.2 to 1.53±0.2mg per gram in the pioglitazone group vs. 1.47±0.3 to 1.25±0.3mg per gram in the placebo group, P = 0.20).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Effects of Pioglitazone
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although pioglitazone is a well-documented insulin sensitizer, insulin resistance was reduced according to the Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity measured during the oral glucose-tolerance test but not according to measurement of insulin sensitivity during the frequent-sampling intravenous glucose-tolerance test.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Insulin sensitivity as determined with the use of an intravenous glucose-tolerance test with frequent sampling in a subgroup of 191 patients was not altered in either group.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pioglitazone was associated with lower diastolic blood pressure, higher levels of HDL cholesterol, and reduced rates of carotid intima-media thickening, as compared with placebo.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Use of pioglitazone improved diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol levels, and serum levels of alanine aminotranferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and it slowed progression of carotid intima-media thickening.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One unexplained sudden death oc-curred in the placebo group, and three deaths occurred in the pioglitazone group (one unexplained sudden death, one death from biliary carcinoma, and one death from a carcinoid tumor).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Adverse Events
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Edema and weight gain were greater with pioglitazone than with placebo, as reported previously, 8,40 and edema largely accounted for the increase in adverse events associated with pioglitazone.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We calculated that enrollment of approximately 600 patients was required to achieve 90% power, if treatment with pioglitazone decreased the rate of conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 50%.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Statistical Analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In one study, 9 the use of rosiglitazone decreased the risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance by 62%; given concerns about cardiovascular safety, 14 however, the Food and Drug Administration has restricted the use of rosig litazone therapy to patients in whom glycemic control cannot be achieved with other medications and who cannot take pioglitazone.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, further glycemic separation between groups over time would presumably have a beneficial effect on microvascular disease.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since neither approach produced statistically significant evidence of bias due to missing data, the primary and secondary analyses were performed without data imputation.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Takeda Pharmaceuticals provided financial support for the study but had no access to the data.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Study Design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All results were transmitted to the Data Coordinating Center in Phoenix, Arizona, where they were recorded and audited and then sent to the Data Analysis Center in San Antonio.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Study Design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was conducted in accordance with the protocol.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Study Design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Troglitazone was reported to be associated with a 55% decrease in the rate of conversion to diabetes among women with prior gestational diabetes, 11 but this agent is no longer available.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The small difference in levels of HbA 1c between the two groups is not surprising, given the low baseline level of HbA 1c in patients with impaired glucose tolerance.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of adherence to the study regimen, assessed by means of pill counts, was greater than 80% in both groups.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Follow-up
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if development of diabetic hyperglycemia can be delayed or prevented, it is plausible that the onset of microvascular complications might be slowed.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is not feasible to conduct studies of microvascular outcomes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance because of the large sample and long study duration required.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss to follow-up was relatively high in both study groups (24% in the placebo group and 30% in the pioglitazone group, not a significant dif-ference).”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Microvascular and macrovascular complications are common in type 2 diabetes mellitus and are related to both the severity and the duration of hyperglycemia. 3”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine whether pioglitazone can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults with impaired glucose tolerance.”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > METHODS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, the greater the weight gain, the greater the improvements in betacell function and insulin sensitivity, and thus the greater the reduction in HbA 1c .26,35,36”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Carotid intima-media thickening is highly correlated with cardiovascular events, and changes in this measure over time have predictive value beyond that of standard markers of risk.18,38”
§ Pioglitazone for Diabetes Prevention in Impaired Glucose Tolerance > Discussion
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease.
“Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease and conversion to type 2 diabetes mellitus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is strong evidence that oral glucose-lowering medications approved for DM reduce the progression of prediabetes to DM.888–896”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [890]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Metformin can also be combined with linagliptin to decrease DM incidence over that observed with metformin alone.890”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [890]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“However, these hypotheses are based on results from the Swedish Obese Subjects Study in which subjects were not randomized and the control group was contemporaneously matched, only received conventional treatment, and differed by a number of characteristics at baseline.”
From Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future (2014) · cites this paper as [174]
In the citing paper
“Other studies have reported lower conversion rates29 (19% in controls in the DPP Outcomes study).15”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Pioglitazone showed effectiveness in the ACT NOW Study on obese people with IGT. The risk of diabetes decreased by >70% and the drug was associated with improved diastolic blood pressure, improved HDL-cholesterol and a reduced rate of carotid intima-media thickening. However, weight gain was greater with pioglitazone (~3 kg compared to placebo) and edema was more frequently reported (13% vs. 6%).”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“In Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW), treatment with pioglitazone 45 mg per day reduced incident diabetes 72% over 2.4 years in patients with IGT and at least one other risk factor for T2DM and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.203”
From The Vasculature in Prediabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [203]
In the citing paper
“Thiazolidinediones prevent the development of diabetes in individuals with IFG or IGT.”
From The Vasculature in Prediabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [203]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Placebo fracture percentage does not match its patient count
MinorSeven of 299 placebo patients is about 2.34%, which rounds to 2.3% at the reported precision, not 2.6%.
Reported 2.6 · recomputed 2.341137
“eight fractures occurred in 7 of the patients receiving placebo (2.6%)”
Pioglitazone baseline BMI differs between sections
MinorTable 1 gives the pioglitazone group's baseline mean BMI as 33.0, whereas the later baseline-to-follow-up values give it as 34.1.
“Mean BMI 33.0±0.434.5±0.40.44”
“34.1±0.4 to 35.5±0.4,and 40.0±0.8 to 41.9±0.7%,respectively), but the increments were greater with pioglitazone”
Triglyceride conversion is too high
MinorUsing the paper's triglyceride conversion factor of 0.01129, 129 mg per deciliter is about 1.46 mmol per liter, not 7.2.
Reported 7.2 · recomputed 1.45641
“Triglyceride levels declined significantly with pioglitazone (129±7.5 to 110±4.0 mg per deciliter [7.2±0.42 to 6.1±0.22 mmol per liter], P = 0.007)”
HDL cholesterol conversion is too high
MinorThe paper specifies a cholesterol conversion factor of 0.02586, which converts 40 mg per deciliter to about 1.03 mmol per liter, not 2.2.
Reported 2.2 · recomputed 1.0344
“The change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was greater with pioglitazone (40±1 to 48±1 mg per deciliter [2.2±0.06 to 2.7±0.06 mmol per liter])”
Citations
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
Stratton, I. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 · Cited by 9,059
10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes
Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R., & Neil, H. A. W. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0806470 · Cited by 7,751
Matsuda, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 · Cited by 5,621
Self-citationIntensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
(2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa052187 · Cited by 5,138
Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes
Nissen, S. E., & Wolski, K. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa072761 · Cited by 4,675
Pan, X.-R., Li, G.-W., Hu, Y.-H., Wang, J.-X., Yang, W.-Y., An, Z.-X., Hu, Z.-X., Juan-Lin, Xiao, J.-Z., Cao, H.-B., et al. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.4.537 · Cited by 4,320
Dormandy, J. A., Charbonnel, B., Eckland, D. J., Erdmann, E., Massi-Benedetti, M., Moules, I. K., Skene, A. M., Tan, M. H., Lefèbvre, P. J., Murray, G. D., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67528-9 · Cited by 4,129
β-Cell Deficit and Increased β-Cell Apoptosis in Humans With Type 2 Diabetes
Butler, A. E., Janson, J., Bonner-Weir, S., Ritzel, R., Rizza, R. A., & Butler, P. C. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.1.102 · Cited by 4,011
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 750
3. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s003 · Cited by 126
Nonpharmacological interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Schwarz, P. E. H., Greaves, C. J., Lindström, J., Yates, T. E., & Davies, M. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.232 · Cited by 128
Wu, J., Zhou, L., Liu, J., Ma, G., Kou, Q., He, Z., Chen, J., Ouyang, B., Chen, M., Li, Y., et al. (2013) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc11932 · Cited by 124
Pharmacological management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Barb, D., Portillo-Sanchez, P., & Cusi, K. (2016) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.04.004 · Cited by 114
Prediabetes: Why Should We Care?
Zand, A., Ibrahim, K. S., & Patham, B. (2018) · Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.14797/mdcj-14-4-289 · Cited by 116
Khetan, A. K., & Rajagopalan, S. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.030 · Cited by 119
Treating NASH by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
Staels, B., Butruille, L., & Francque, S. (2023) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.004 · Cited by 114
Kitabchi, A. E., McDaniel, K. A., Wan, J. Y., Tylavsky, F. A., Jacovino, C., Sands, C., Nyenwe, E. A., & Stentz, F. B. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1912 · Cited by 111
“Insulin sensitivity (ISI) was derived from plasma glucose and insulin measurements obtained during the OGTT by the Matsuda insulin index (33,34).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPrevention of Diabetes With Pioglitazone in ACT NOW
DeFronzo, R. A., Tripathy, D., Schwenke, D. C., Banerji, M., Bray, G. A., Buchanan, T. A., Clement, S. C., Gastaldelli, A., Henry, R. R., Kitabchi, A. E., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-0265 · Cited by 109
“From the 1Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas; the 2University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; 3Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona; 4College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona; the 5State University of New York Health Science Center at B…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGestational Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Risk after Pregnancy
Harreiter, J., Dovjak, G. O., & Kautzky‐Willer, A. (2013) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.13.69 · Cited by 107
“In the ACT NoW study, the risk of progression to T2DM was significantly reduced, but a higher prevalence of side effects, such as weight gain and edema, was also observed [104].”
BackgroundCahn, A., Shoshan, A., Sagiv, T., Yesharim, R., Goshen, R., Shalev, V., & Raz, I. (2020) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3252 · Cited by 106
Alterations in the hypothalamic melanocortin pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Vercruysse, P., Sinniger, J., Oussini, H. E., Scekic‐Zahirovic, J., Dieterle, S., Dengler, R., Meyer, T., Zierz, S., Kassubek, J., Fischer, W., et al. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aww004 · Cited by 108
Saremi, A., Schwenke, D. C., Buchanan, T. A., Hodis, H. N., Mack, W. J., Banerji, M., Bray, G. A., Clement, S. C., Henry, R. R., Kitabchi, A. E., et al. (2013) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.112.300346 · Cited by 101
Self-citationHandelsman, Y., Butler, J., Bakris, G. L., DeFronzo, R. A., Fonarow, G. C., Green, J. B., Grunberger, G., Januzzi, J. L., Klein, S., Kushner, P. R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108389 · Cited by 107
Self-citationWasko, M., Mcclure, C., Kelsey, S., Huber, K., Orchard, T., & Toledo, F. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3689-2 · Cited by 90
“Insulin sensitisers, such as metformin and thiazolinidiones, have been shown to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in large randomised clinical trials [1, 3, 4], establishing proof of concept that type 2 diabetes prevention is not only possible by pharmacological means but also worth pursuing.”
Do We Still Need Pioglitazone for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes? A risk-benefit critique in 2013
Schernthaner, G., Currie, C. J., & Schernthaner, G.-H. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dcs13-2031 · Cited by 100
“In addition to providing sustained glycemic control in T2DM patients, pioglitazone resulted in a 70% reduction in the risk of developing T2DM in the Actos Now for the prevention of diabetes (ACT NOW) study (6).”
BackgroundPPARγand Its Role in Cardiovascular Diseases
Chandra, M., Miriyala, S., & Panchatcharam, M. (2017) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2017/6404638 · Cited by 101
Bansal, G., Singh, S., Monga, V., Veeraveedu, P. T., & Chawla, P. A. (2019) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103271 · Cited by 101
Hall, J. A., Ramachandran, D., Roh, H. C., DiSpirito, J. R., Belchior, T., Zushin, P. H., Palmer, C., Hong, S., Mina, A. I., Liu, B., et al. (2020) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.016 · Cited by 102
Kelly, A. S., Bergenstal, R. M., Gonzalez-Campoy, J., Katz, H., & Bank, A. J. (2012) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-11-64 · Cited by 98
“However, drug therapy is also used to treat pre-diabetes with the goal of preventing the onset of frank T2DM.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe RISE Consortium (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1879 · Cited by 101
“TZDs reduced the risk of worsening hyperglycemia in several large adult prediabetes studies and showed concordant stabilization or improvement in measures of b-cell function (8,15,16).”
BackgroundSattar, N. A., Ginsberg, H. N., Ray, K. K., Chapman, M. J., Arca, M., Averna, M. R., Betteridge, D. J., Bhatnagar, D., Bilianou, E., Carmena, R., et al. (2014) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2014.04.001 · Cited by 99
Diabetes and oral disease: implications for health professionals
Albert, D. A., Ward, A., Allweiss, P., Graves, D. T., Knowler, W. C., Kunzel, C., Leibel, R. L., Novak, K. F., Oates, T. W., Papapanou, P. N., et al. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06460.x · Cited by 101
Jonas, D. E., Crotty, K., Yun, J. D. Y., Middleton, J. C., Feltner, C., Taylor-Phillips, S., Barclay, C., Dotson, A., Baker, C., Balio, C. P., et al. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.10403 · Cited by 96
Molecular Insights into Human Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibition by the Glitazone Antidiabetes Drugs
Binda, C., Aldeco, M., Geldenhuys, W. J., Tortorici, M., Mattevi, A., & Edmondson, D. E. (2011) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/ml200196p · Cited by 100
The Role of Mitochondria in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Hallan, S. I., & Sharma, K. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0748-0 · Cited by 93
Does diabetes prevention translate into reduced long-term vascular complications of diabetes?
and the DPP Research Group, Nathan, D. M., Bennett, P. H., Crandall, J. P., Edelstein, S. L., Goldberg, R. B., Kahn, S. E., Knowler, W. C., Mather, K. J., Mudaliar, S., et al. (2019) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4928-8 · Cited by 91
Self-citationPharmacological treatment and therapeutic perspectives of metabolic syndrome
Lim, S. K., & Eckel, R. H. (2014) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-014-9298-4 · Cited by 98
“In the Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) study, pioglitazone decreased the rate of conversion of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes by 72% and significantly improved the disposition index [35].”
BackgroundHsueh, W., McLellan, K., Wyne, K., & Villagomez, E. (2014) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s39564 · Cited by 91
“As compared with placebo, pioglitazone reduced the risk of conversion of IGT to T2DM by 72%, but was associated with significant weight gain and edema.(137,138) Rosiglitazone was tested alone in two randomized studies: the Diabetes Reduc-”
Lee, W. S., & Kim, J. (2015) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2015/271983 · Cited by 97
The Economic Costs of Diabetes: Is It Time for a New Treatment Paradigm?
Herman, W. H. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0270 · Cited by 95
“Randomized controlled clinical trials of pharmacologic interventions have demonstrated that at least 3 classes of oral antidiabeticmedications are effective in delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes (6,18,19).”
BackgroundEdwards, C., & Cusi, K. J. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.06.007 · Cited by 94
Marini, M. A., Succurro, E., Frontoni, S., Mastroianni, S., Arturi, F., Sciacqua, A., Lauro, R., Hribal, M. L., Perticone, F., & Sesti, G. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2181 · Cited by 90
Bimagrumab improves body composition and insulin sensitivity in insulin‐resistant individuals
Garito, T., Roubenoff, R., Hompesch, M., Morrow, L., Gomez, K., Rooks, D., Meyers, C., Buchsbaum, M. S., Neelakantham, S., Swan, T., et al. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13042 · Cited by 88
“2% compared with placebo in people with insulin resistance.(37) This treatment effect is also similar to that observed with liraglutide 3.”
ResultWerzowa, J., Hecking, M., Haidinger, M., Lechner, F., Döller, D., Pacini, G., Stemer, G., Pleiner, J., Frantal, S., & Säemann, M. D. (2013) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e318276a20e · Cited by 87
“Pioglitazone has already been shown to prevent the development of diabetes in patients with IGT in a study with more than 600 patients (72% risk reduction for conversion of prediabetes to overt diabetes), whereas vildagliptin holds promise in protecting A-cell function during the transition from prediabetes to type 2…”
BackgroundPerreault, L., Davies, M., Frias, J. P., Laursen, P. N., Lingvay, I., Machineni, S., Varbo, A., Wilding, J. P. H., Wallenstein, S. O. R., & le Roux, C. W. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-1785 · Cited by 87
Kahn, S. E., Deanfield, J. E., Jeppesen, O. K., Emerson, S. S., Boesgaard, T. W., Colhoun, H. M., Kushner, R. F., Lingvay, I., Burguera, B. G., Gajos, G., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-0491 · Cited by 102
Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Shen, S., Wang, X., Dong, L., Li, Q., Ren, W., Li, Y., Bai, J., Gong, Q., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00132-8 · Cited by 92
Tripathy, D., Daniele, G., Fiorentino, T. V., Perez-Cadena, Z., Chavez-Velasquez, A., Kamath, S., Fanti, P., Jenkinson, C. P., Andreozzi, F., Federici, M., et al. (2013) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2976-z · Cited by 83
“05) in the PIO group as previously described [11, 16, 28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKanat, M., DeFronzo, R. A., & Abdul‐Ghani, M. A. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i12.1207 · Cited by 87
Self-citationBrooks‐Worrell, B., & Palmer, J. P. (2011) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04501.x · Cited by 84
The Early Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Pratley, R. E. (2013) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.06.007 · Cited by 91
Lian, F., Li, G., Chen, X., Wang, X., Piao, C., Wang, J., Hong, Y., Ba, Z., Wu, S., Zhou, X., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3276 · Cited by 85
Zhou, Y., Huang, Y., Ji, X., Wang, X., Shen, L., & Wang, Y. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz252 · Cited by 81
Can New-Onset Diabetes After Kidney Transplant Be Prevented?
Chakkera, H. A., Weil, E. J., Pham, P. T., Pomeroy, J. J., & Knowler, W. C. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2067 · Cited by 80
“Drug therapy before transplant Metformin (40) and pioglitazone (54) are effective in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients without renal failure.”
BackgroundMeneilly, G. S., Knip, A., & Tessier, D. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.045 · Cited by 83
PPAR-Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Diabetic Patients
Lange, N. F., Graf, V., Caussy, C., & Dufour, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084305 · Cited by 84
“Given these findings and the concerns regarding cardiovascular adverse effects, rosiglita-zone’s role in the treatment of NASH is currently limited.”
Francque, S., Bédossa, P., Abdelmalek, M. F., Anstee, Q. M., Bugianesi, E., Ratziu, V., Huot-Marchand, P., Bruno, S., Junien, J., Broqua, P., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106170 · Cited by 78
Inzucchi, S. E., Docherty, K. F., Køber, L., Kosiborod, M., Martínez, F. A., Ponikowski, P. P., Sabatine, M. S., Solomon, S. D., Verma, S., Bělohlávek, J., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1675 · Cited by 77
“tested, with benefits seen for certain glucose-loweringagents, suchasmetformin (RRR 31%) (16), rosiglitazone and pioglitazone (52–72%) (17,19,24), and acarbose (25%) (15).”
BackgroundScreening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in dental offices
Herman, W. H., Taylor, G. W., Jacobson, J. J., Burke, R., & Brown, M. B. (2015) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jphd.12082 · Cited by 77
Stentz, F. B., Brewer, A., Wan, J., Garber, C., Daniels, B., Sands, C., & Kitabchi, A. E. (2016) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000258 · Cited by 72
“Subjects were considered to have remission of their pre-diabetes if at 6 months they had a fasting glucose of 100 mg/dL, and a 2-hour glucose level of 140 mg/dL during a single OGTT.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDo thiazolidinediones still have a role in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Consoli, A., & Formoso, G. (2013) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12101 · Cited by 76
“glucose regulation (IGF and/or IGT) into overt T2DM [125].”
BackgroundPioglitazone Prevents Diabetes in Patients With Insulin Resistance and Cerebrovascular Disease
Inzucchi, S. E., Viscoli, C. M., Young, L. H., Furie, K. L., Gorman, M., Lovejoy, A. M., Dagogo-Jack, S. E., Ismail‐Beigi, F., Korytkowski, M. T., Pratley, R. E., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0798 · Cited by 76
“Number of participants missing data (pioglitazone, placebo): HbA1c (1, 0); abdominal obesity (22, 17); antihypertensive medication or blood pressure (6, 4); HDL (5, 3); triglycerides (4, 3); number of metabolic syndrome characteristics (31, 21).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Global Burden of Diabetes: An Overview
Herman, W. H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41559-8_1 · Cited by 82
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transition in a Human Organ: Lessons from Lichen Planopilaris
Imanishi, H., Ansell, D. M., Chéret, J., Harries, M. J., Bertolini, M., Sepp, N. T., Bı́ró, T., Poblet, E., Jiménez, F., Hardman, J. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.047 · Cited by 76
Sheng, Z., Cao, J., Pang, Y.-C., Xu, H., Chen, J., Yuan, J., Wang, R., Zhang, C., Wang, L., & Dong, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00455 · Cited by 85
“Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) diabetes-prevention strategies (lifestyle and/or pharmacological interventions) have been conducted (9, 10) and the literature has reviewed current achievements (11).”
BackgroundMoon, J. S., Kang, S., Choi, J. H., Lee, K. A., Moon, J. H., Chon, S., Kim, D. J., Kim, H. J., Seo, J. A., Kim, M. K., et al. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2024.0249 · Cited by 81
The RISE Consortium, Ehrmann, D. A., Temple, K. A., Rue, A., Barengolts, E., Mokhlesi, B., Van Cauter, E., Sam, S., Miller, M. A., Kahn, S. E., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-0556 · Cited by 73
“with thiazolidinediones (9,10,20,21) have been show to affect the natural history of progressive b-cell dysfunction.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMonti, L. D., Setola, E., Lucotti, P., Marrocco-Trischitta, M. M., Comola, M., Galluccio, E., Poggi, A. D., Mammì, S., Catapano, A. L., Comı, G., et al. (2012) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01615.x · Cited by 79
Liu, Y., Cotillard, A., Vatier, C., Bastard, J.-P., Fellahi, S., Stévant, M., Allatif, O., Langlois, C., Bieuvelet, S., Brochot, A., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138646 · Cited by 71
“Interestingly, 23% of subjects in our dietary supplement group showed continued improvement in FPG level after treatment cessation, a percentage approaching consistency with the 35% to 50% rate of regression to normal glucose tolerance observed in some large intervention trials [55;56;62].”
ResultThe current role of thiazolidinediones in diabetes management
Rizos, C. V., Kei, A. A., & Elisaf, M. (2016) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1737-4 · Cited by 71
Tanajewski, Ł., Harris, R., Harman, D. J., Aithal, G. P., Card, T. R., Gkountouras, G., Berdunov, V., Guha, I. N., & Elliott, R. A. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015659 · Cited by 71
The 2012 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Amod, A. (2012) · Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa · doi:10.1080/22201009.2012.10872276 · Cited by 69
Pharmacological Approaches to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current and Future Therapies
Genua, I., & Cusi, K. J. (2024) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/dsi23-0012 · Cited by 74
“Pioglitazone decreases the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes (35,36) and reduces CVD in people with (37,38) or without (36) type 2 diabetes.”
BackgroundMetwally, A. A., Perelman, D., Park, H., Wu, Y., Jha, A., Sharp, S. A., Celli, A., Ayhan, E. M., Abbasi, F., Gloyn, A. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-024-01311-6 · Cited by 98
Perreault, L., & Færch, K. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.10.008 · Cited by 82
“2006), ACT NOW (DeFronzo et al. 2011).”
Cardiovascular safety of anti-diabetic drugs
Kumar, R. B., Kerins, D. M., & Walther, T. (2015) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvv035 · Cited by 67
Importance of Beta Cell Function for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Saisho, Y. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm3030923 · Cited by 75
“TZDs have also been shown to effectively suppress the progression from IGT to T2DM [74–76].”
BackgroundDefinition of intervention points in prediabetes
Ferrannini, E. (2014) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70175-x · Cited by 70
Armato, J., DeFronzo, R. A., Abdul-Ghani, M. A., & Ruby, R. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30234-1 · Cited by 70
Self-citationGreen, L., Brancati, F., & Albright, A. (2012) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmr126 · Cited by 65
PPAR-γ as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease: evidence and uncertainty
Huang, J. V., Greyson, C. R., & Schwartz, G. G. (2012) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r024505 · Cited by 68
Prediction of Diabetes Based on Baseline Metabolic Characteristics in Individuals at High Risk
DeFronzo, R. A., Tripathy, D., Schwenke, D. C., Banerji, M., Bray, G. A., Buchanan, T. A., Clement, S. C., Henry, R. R., Kitabchi, A. E., Mudaliar, S. R. D., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0520 · Cited by 65
“Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria have been published (7,12).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHemmingsen, B., Sonne, D. P., Metzendorf, M.-I., & Richter, B. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012204.pub2 · Cited by 63
Pioglitazone Prevents Stroke in Patients With a Recent Transient Ischemic Attack or Ischemic Stroke
Yaghi, S. R., Furie, K. L., Viscoli, C. M., Kamel, H., Gorman, M., Dearborn, J. L., Young, L. H., Inzucchi, S. E., Lovejoy, A. M., Kasner, S. E., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.030458 · Cited by 64
Handelsman, Y., Anderson, J. E., Bakris, G. L., Ballantyne, C. M., Beckman, J. A., Bhatt, D. L., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Bozkurt, B., Budoff, M. J., Butler, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.108101 · Cited by 64
“11,35 39 Accumulating data suggest that glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs), and to a lesser extent sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, may be quite potent in delaying or preventing progression to T2D, probably in part through their weight loss effects.”
Self-citationNovel pharmacological targets for calcific aortic valve disease: Prevention and treatments
Myasoedova, V. A., Ravani, A. L., Frigerio, B., Valerio, V., Moschetta, D., Songia, P., & Poggio, P. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.020 · Cited by 62
Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes
Zhang, X., & Zhao, Q. (2015) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000782 · Cited by 62
“Pioglitazone was also shown to be associated with BP improvement, of which DBP decrease (about 2mmHg) rather than SBP decrease was more commonly presented [40,41].”
BackgroundTao, T., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Fu, J.-R., Wang, Y., Cai, J., Ma, J., Xu, Y., Gao, Y., Sun, Y. W., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa692 · Cited by 67
The TIDE Trial Investigators (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2357-4 · Cited by 61
Strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes: an update for clinicians
Khavandi, K., Amer, H., Ibrahim, B., & Brownrigg, J. R. W. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/2040622313494986 · Cited by 62
“com 251 a 78% reduction in the conversion of IGT to T2DM with pioglitazone [DeFronzo et al. 2011].”
BackgroundRegression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation: State of the science
Sallar, A. S., & Dagogo-Jack, S. E. (2020) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370220915644 · Cited by 68
“After approximately three years of follow-up, 35% of participants with IGTrandomized to acarbose had reverted to NGT.”
MethodResultInfluentialHorita, S., Nakamura, M., Satoh, N., Suzuki, M., & Seki, G. (2015) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2015/646423 · Cited by 61
Beck, G. R., Khazai, N. B., Bouloux, G. F., Camalier, C. E., Lin, Y., Garneys, L. M., Siqueira, J., Peng, L., Pasquel, F. J., Umpierrez, D., et al. (2012) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2012.08.006 · Cited by 61
van Raalte, D. H., & Verchere, C. B. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12935 · Cited by 63
Lingvay, I., Deanfield, J. E., Kahn, S. E., Weeke, P. E., Toplak, H., Scirica, B. M., Rydén, L., Rathor, N., Plutzky, J., Morales, C., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-0764 · Cited by 72
Hemmingsen, B., Sonne, D. P., Metzendorf, M., & Richter, B. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012151.pub2 · Cited by 76
Shannon, C. E., Ragavan, M., Palavicini, J. P., Fourcaudot, M. J., Bakewell, T. M., Valdez, I., Ayala, I., Jin, E. S., Madesh, M., Han, X., et al. (2020) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101154 · Cited by 64
“Although the precise events linking T2D and NAFLD remain unclear, their shared association with obesity and insulin resistance suggests a common underlying pathology characterized by ectopic lipid accumulation and elevated rates of hepatic glucose production [3e5].”
BackgroundInfluentialInterventions to Preserve Beta-Cell Function in the Management and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Page, K. A., & Reisman, T. (2013) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-013-0363-2 · Cited by 62
“Prevention trials have consistently shown that TZDs are effective in preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes in high-risk patients by ~50 %–75 % (DPP, Troglitazone in Prevention of Diabetes (TRIPOD), Pioglitazone in Prevention of Diabetes (PIPOD), Diabetes Reduction Assessment with Ramipril and Rosiglitazone Medicatio…”
The 2012 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes (Revised)
(2012) · Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa · doi:10.1080/22201009.2012.10872287 · Cited by 58
Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Prediabetes
Carris, N. W., Magness, R. R., & Labovitz, A. J. (2018) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.032 · Cited by 63
Kramer, C. K., Zinman, B., Choi, H., & Retnakaran, R. R. (2016) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000270 · Cited by 59
Prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese at-risk subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Merlotti, C., Morabito, A., Ceriani, V., & Pontiroli, A. E. (2014) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0624-9 · Cited by 58
Rationale for and design of the Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation (ACE) trial
Holman, R. R., Bethel, M. A., Chan, J. C. N., Chiasson, J., Doran, Z., Ge, J., Gerstein, H. C., Huo, Y., McMurray, J. J. V., Rydén, L., et al. (2014) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.03.021 · Cited by 56
Nusca, A., Tuccinardi, D., Pieralice, S., Giannone, S., Carpenito, M., Monte, L., Watanabe, M., Cavallari, I., Maddaloni, E., Ussia, G. P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.670155 · Cited by 60
“Frontiers in Pharmacology | www.frontiersin.org May 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 6701558 Vildagliptin is the only DPP4i that lacks established or ongoing randomized controlled trials investigating cardiovascular outcomes; however, two large meta-analyses and a recent large european observational cohort study suggested t…”
MethodInfluentialEvans‐Molina, C., Hatanaka, M., & Mirmira, R. G. (2013) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12163 · Cited by 57
“Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), agonists of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPAR-γ ), prevent the onset of diabetes in humans with pre-diabetes and a history of gestational diabetes [68,69].”
BackgroundTreatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Portillo-Sánchez, P., & Cusi, K. J. (2016) · Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s40842-016-0027-7 · Cited by 57
“Evidence for the long-term impact of these broad metabolic and antiinflammatory effects can be appreciated in the potential for pioglitazone to prevent the progression to T2DM in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, improving not only plasma glucose levels but also blood pressure and lipid levels [51], all factor…”
BackgroundOne-Hour Postload Hyperglycemia: Implications for Prediction and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Fiorentino, T. V., Marini, M. A., Succurro, E., Andreozzi, F., Perticone, M., Hribal, M. L., Sciacqua, A., Perticone, F., & Sesti, G. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00468 · Cited by 61
Takahara, M., Shiraiwa, T., Matsuoka, T., Katakami, N., & Shimomura, I. (2014) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0335 · Cited by 55
“Although a number of clinical studies demonstrated the validity and usefulness of these indices overseas [8-13], it remained unrevealed whether a hyperbolic relationship is similarly observed in a Japanese population.”
BackgroundMethodKoška, J., Yassine, H. N., Trenchevska, O., Sinari, S. A., Schwenke, D. C., Yen, F. T., Billheimer, D. D., Nelson, R. W., Nedelkov, D., & Reaven, P. D. (2016) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.p064816 · Cited by 56
“ACT NOW was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of pioglitazone in prevention of type 2 diabetes (29).”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- DeFronzo, R. A., Tripathy, D., Schwenke, D. C., Banerji, M., Bray, G. A., Buchanan, T. A., Clement, S. C., Henry, R. R., Hodis, H. N., Kitabchi, A. E., Mack, W. J., Mudaliar, S., Ratner, R. E., Williams, K., Stentz, F. B., Musi, N., & Reaven, P. D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Texas Diabetes Institute (US)
- Phoenix VA Health Care System (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Georgetown University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- MedStar Health Research Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2011-03-24
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1104-1115
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2131330057
- Semantic Scholar
- 2537f2b5521882869eda52ee137db9e85431749f
- Cited by
- 766
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 49.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR00221, M01RR000043)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- pioglitazone, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes prevention, thiazolidinediones, glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, carotid intima-media thickening, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, cardiovascular risk, PPARγ agonists, statins, fibrates, nicotinic acid, fenofibrate
- MeSH terms
- Pioglitazone, Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Double-Blind Method, Edema, Follow-Up Studies, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin Resistance, Middle Aged, Weight Gain, Life Tables, Proportional Hazards Models, Glucose Intolerance, Thiazolidinediones, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
