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Marine n−3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Higher intake of marine n-3 (also called omega-3) fatty acids has been associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer in several observational studies. Whether supplementation with n-3 fatty acids has such effects in general populations at usual risk for these end points is unclear. METHODS: (at a dose of 2000 IU per day) and marine n-3 fatty acids (at a dose of 1 g per day) in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer among men 50 years of age or older and women 55 years of age or older in the United States. Primary end points were major cardiovascular events (a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes) and invasive cancer of any type. Secondary end points included individual components of the composite cardiovascular end point, the composite end point plus coronary revascularization (expanded composite of cardiovascular events), site-specific cancers, and death from cancer. Safety was also assessed. This article reports the results of the comparison of n-3 fatty acids with placebo. RESULTS: A total of 25,871 participants, including 5106 black participants, underwent randomization. During a median follow-up of 5.3 years, a major cardiovascular event occurred in 386 participants in the n-3 group and in 419 in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.06; P=0.24). Invasive cancer was diagnosed in 820 participants in the n-3 group and in 797 in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.13; P=0.56). In the analyses of key secondary end points, the hazard ratios were as follows: for the expanded composite end point of cardiovascular events, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.04); for total myocardial infarction, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.90); for total stroke, 1.04 (95% CI, 0.83 to 1.31); for death from cardiovascular causes, 0.96 (95% CI, 0.76 to 1.21); and for death from cancer (341 deaths from cancer), 0.97 (95% CI, 0.79 to 1.20). In the analysis of death from any cause (978 deaths overall), the hazard ratio was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.15). No excess risks of bleeding or other serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids did not result in a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events or cancer than placebo. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; VITAL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01169259 .).
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In the citing paper
“although only REDUCE-IT has shown cardiovascular benefits (as discussed later) (14-17).”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“butseverallargeclinicaltrialsfailed to demonstrate any cardiovascular benefit with administration of low doses of omega-3 fatty acids. 8,12,13”
From Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The STRENGTH, VITAL, ASCEND, ORIGIN, OMEGA, ALPHA-OMEGA, GISSI-HF and GISSI-P trials randomized patients to receive either a combination of EPA and DHA or placebo; yet only the GISSI trials noted a statistically significant effect on cardiovascular events and mortality [96–103].”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [96]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“TheVitaminDandOmega-3Trial(VITAL), in which 13% of the participants had type 2 diabetes, supplementation with 1 g of omega-3 fatty acids did not result in a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events (305).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [305]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials revealed that ω3 PUFA supplementation of <1 g/d resulted in a very limited reduction in atherosclerotic CVD risk of major vascular events and CVD‐caused deaths. 22 , 23 , 133 , 154”
From Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“A limitation to the study is the inclusion rate of 26 % of screened candidates, which is relatively low compared to other n-3 PUFA trials not targeting elderly patients 30-33 .”
From Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Elderly Patients After Myocardial Infarction (2021) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These studies showed inconsistent reductions in MACE.”
From Targeting Triglycerides in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [89]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Multiple large studies conducted since then to examine the benefits of low-dose mixtures of EPA and DHA with more contemporary background therapy, including statin therapy, have failed to show any significant reduction in cardiovascular endpoints.”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, other recent trials studying lower doses of omega-3 fatty acids in a broader range of patients failed to demonstrate significant reductions of total cardiovascular events. 12,13”
From Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This may explain why EPA + DHA combination treatment in various trials did not demonstrate an effect on reducing cardiovascular risk. 23 , 24 , 25 , 133”
From Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Earlier trials such as GISSI-Prevenzione, ASCEND, VITAL, and OMEMI evaluated low-dose EPA/DHA mixtures primarily in primary prevention settings or post-MI patients, often without significant baseline TG elevation and with limited use of statins in earlier trials [87–90].”
From Targeting Triglycerides in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [89]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The ASCEND (A Study of Cardiovascular Events in Diabetes) [3] and VITAL (Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial) trials [5] using EPA+DHA did not signi fi cantly reduce the primary cardiovascular endpoints”
From Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“During a median follow-up of 5.3 years, there was no significant difference in the 2 primary endpoints of major cardiovascular events (a composite of MI, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes) or invasive cancer of any type.”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Contemporary studies were conducted with higher standards and consistently failed to demonstrate significant benefits.”
In the citing paper
“at lower doses (1 g/day) these agents have generally failed to show reduced ASCVD.50,51”
From Clinical review on triglycerides (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Recently, a new selective PPAR-α modulator (pemafibrate) has been reported to have marked efficacy in reducing TRLs [317].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [317]
In the citing paper
“However, this trial showed that just 840 mg of combined EPA/DHA significantly reduced MI and major CHD events [63].”
From Update on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health (2022) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“This study did not show that supplementing with n-3 fatty acids reduced the incidence of major CVD events (a composite of MI, stroke, and death from CVD causes) or invasive cancer.”
From Update on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health (2022) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Individuals with low baseline fish consumption (<1.5 servings/week) had decreased risk for total CV events (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67 to 0.98).”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“However, there was a 28% reduction in total MI, which emerged after the first year and continued throughout the trial.”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“In the VITAL trial, omega-3 PUFAs did not significantly reduce the primary composite endpoint of major ASCVD events (MI, stroke, and CVD mortality).”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“Black study participants experienced a 77% treatment-associated reduction in MI (HR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.47), and derived an MI benefit irrespective of baseline fish intake.”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“There were significant reductions in other pre-specified secondary outcomes, including a 17% reduced risk for total coronary heart disease (CHD) and a 50% reduction in fatal MI”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“In the statin era, CVOTs of combination OM-3 fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] have not shown reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) events.”
From Critical Differences Between Dietary Supplement and Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Additional factors that may influence CVOT findings include OM-3 dose, definition of primary composite CV endpoint, and study population.”
From Critical Differences Between Dietary Supplement and Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The total daily dose of OM-3 was much lower in VITAL and ASCEND (< 1 g/day total OM-3 per each 1-g capsule) than in REDUCE-IT (4 g/day high-purity Rx EPA).”
From Critical Differences Between Dietary Supplement and Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The primary composite CV endpoint varied between the studies (Table 1, see footnote); for example, in REDUCE-IT, coronary revascularization and unstable angina were included, in addition to CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke.”
From Critical Differences Between Dietary Supplement and Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“A 17% risk reduction was recorded for total coronary heart disease, versus placebo.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, while the primary outcome of the study, a reduction in major cardiovascular events (a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes), was not achieved with statistical significance, the analysis did demonstrate an 8% reduction in such events.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly for African-Americans, the study found a dramatic 77% reduction in heart attacks linked to daily omega-3 supplementation.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“In people who do not consume the recommended 1 or 2 servings of fish a week, the n-3 LCPUFA supplementation was linked to a 40% reduction in heart attacks; however, among the subjects who followed the fish consumption recommendation, there was no such association.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“The primary conclusion of the VITAL study was not positive regarding the effect of supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA on major cardiovascular events as the data failed to show a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events in the experimental group than in the placebo control group [53].”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“However, the secondary outcomes were highly relevant as omega-3 supplementation was associated with a reduction in total and fatal myocardial infarction risk by 28% and 50%, respectively.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
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Bozack, A. K., Khodasevich, D., Nwanaji‐Enwerem, J. C., Gladish, N., Shen, H., Daredia, S., Needham, B. L., Rehkopf, D. H., Guasch‐Ferré, M., & Cárdenas, A. (2025) · npj Aging · doi:10.1038/s41514-025-00298-x · Cited by 5
“…intakehasbeenassociatedwithdecreased triglyceridelevels 30 and lowerrisk of heart failure 31 , coronary heart disease 32 , myocardial infarction 33 , ischemic events 34 , and all-cause mortality 35 ; although other trials and meta-analyses have reported null associations with cardiovascular…”
Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Petersen, K. H., Lamarche, B., Karmally, W., Guyton, J. R., Champagne, C. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bray, G. A., Sacks, F. M., & Maki, K. C. (2024) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2024.09.010 · Cited by 5
Wierzbicki, A. S. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2444986 · Cited by 8
“However, later studies such as the ASCEND study of Omacor in patients with type 2 diabetes (75% on statin therapy) or the VITAL trial in 25,871 primary prevention patients aged over 50 years (73% on statins) failed to show any benefits [59,60].”
Brandt, D. Y. C., Brutto, Ó. H. D., & Nielsen, R. (2025) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkaf014 · Cited by 4
“Oily fish, and marine animals in general, are rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have been implicated in positive cardiovascular effects in several other studies, although not replicated in broad-scale studies (Manson et al. 2019).”
Hamaya, R., Cook, N. R., Sesso, H. D., Buring, J. E., & Manson, J. E. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.028 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLeopold, S., & Zachariah, J. P. V. (2021) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20210218-01 · Cited by 4
The Evolving Role of Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Disease: Is Icosapent Ethyl the Answer?
Lakshmanan, S., & Budoff, M. J. (2021) · Heart International · doi:10.17925/hi.2021.15.1.7 · Cited by 4
Fish intake and risk of cardiovascular events: an analysis of the VITAL cohort
Caldeira, D., Nogueira-Garcia, B., Abreu, A., & Pinto, F. J. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01244-w · Cited by 4
“The VITAL cohort was the stratified in two groups according with the usual servings of fish per week: ≥1.5 servings/week, and 1.5 servings/week.”
InfluentialNanomaterials in aquatic products and aquatic systems, and its safety aspects
Yochabedh, C. A., Nandhini, L., Radhakrishnan, P., & Rejish Kumar, V. J. (2023) · Applied Nanoscience · doi:10.1007/s13204-023-02834-1 · Cited by 4
“They can also reduce the occurrence of a certain type of cancer (Manson et al. 2019).”
BackgroundIndications for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular disease
Bosomworth, N. J. (2023) · Canadian Family Physician · doi:10.46747/cfp.6907459 · Cited by 4
Ordovás, J. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15315-0.00019-5 · Cited by 4
Associations between diet and nutritional supplements and colorectal cancer: A systematic review
Gholamalizadeh, M., Tajadod, S., Majidi, N., Aghakhaninejad, Z., Mahmoudi, Z., Mousavi, Z. S., Amjadi, A., Alami, F., Torkaman, M., Saeedirad, Z., et al. (2024) · JGH Open · doi:10.1002/jgh3.13108 · Cited by 4
Kłosiewicz−Latoszek, L., Cybulska, B., & Tyszko, P. Z. (2020) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/126674 · Cited by 4
“The other evaluated endpoints (stroke, cardiovascular death, cancer death, allcause death) did not differ significantly [46].”
BackgroundIntegrative Approaches for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Malik, S., & Dineen, E. H. (2020) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56279-3_28 · Cited by 4
Niwa, K., Tanaka, A., Funakubo, H., Otsuka, S., Yoshioka, N., Kudo, N., Tobe, A., Sakakibara, K., Miki, Y., Kataoka, T., et al. (2021) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.7336-21 · Cited by 5
“EPA, μg/mL 47 (31-73) 59 (43-84) 25 (19-33) <0.”
Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, Remnants, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Bharadiya, V. M., Rawal, S., Jain, V., Chevli, P. A., & Mehta, A. (2022) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-022-00702-1 · Cited by 5
MacDonald, T. S., Davis, K. E., Tucker, W. J., & Miketinas, D. C. (2022) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2022.100007 · Cited by 4
Nutrient supplementation no substitute for healthy diets
Hu, F. B. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0143-4 · Cited by 4
Orringer, C. E. (2019) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.04.009 · Cited by 5
Schmidt, W., Chen, F., Broadhurst, C. L., & Crawford, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113376 · Cited by 4
The REDUCE-IT verdict on eicosapentaenoic acid and cardiovascular outcome challenged with STRENGTH
Volpe, M., & Patrono, C. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1042 · Cited by 5
Pedro‐Botet, J., Barrios, V., Sánchez‐Margalet, V., Tamargo, J. L., Arrieta, F., Gámez, J. M., Gimeno-Orna, J. A., Escobar, C., Gómez‐Doblas, J. J., & Pérez, A. (2022) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2022.03.004 · Cited by 5
Alam, U., Mathai, S. V., Filtz, A., Kuno, T., Badimon, J. J., Sniderman, A. D., Virani, S. S., Toth, P. P., Shapiro, M. D., Lavie, C. J., et al. (2026) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-025-02337-1 · Cited by 4
Sheppard, J. P., Palatnic, L., Lakshmanan, S., Drago, T., Bhogal, J., Roy, S. K., Bhatt, D. L., Budoff, M. J., & Nelson, J. R. (2025) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102149 · Cited by 3
Xu, J. C., Peng, T., Kong, L., & Wei, N. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-04620-z · Cited by 3
“For instance, while some studies have reported an association between ω-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases, they have not specifically analyzed its contribution to the burden of IHD [19].”
Nelson, J. R. (2025) · Cardiology Plus · doi:10.1097/cp9.0000000000000130 · Cited by 3
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: The “Good”, the “Bad”, and the “Unknown”
Giamundo, D. M., Morello, M., Pastena, P., Bernardi, M., Spadafora, L., Cacciatore, S., Perone, F., Caminiti, G., Sabouret, P. F., Cesaro, A., et al. (2025) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/rcm40001 · Cited by 3
“Notably, neither VITAL [73] nor ViDA [74] stratified participants by baseline vitamin D status, which may have diluted any effect in individuals with profound deficiency.”
InfluentialOmega-3 Fatty Acids: From Natural Sources to Clinical Applications: An Integrative Review
Sahu, P., Bhardwaj, S. K., Satapathy, A., Satapathy, A., Kumar, A., Kumar, M., Kashyap, P., Chandrakar, K., & Chandrakar, M. (2025) · Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics · doi:10.22270/jddt.v15i11.7463 · Cited by 3
Vegetarian Dietary Patterns for Adults: A Position Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Raj, S., Guest, N. S., Landry, M. J., Mangels, A. R., Pawlak, R., & Rozga, M. (2025) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2025.156227 · Cited by 4
Qi, H., Ries, F., Gasovic, S. J., Dietrich, D., Gemperlein, K., Müller, R., Kohlstedt, M., & Wittmann, C. (2026) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-026-02950-x · Cited by 3
“Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), are essential nutrients that play key roles in cardiovascular, neural, and retinal health [1–5].”
Sun, Q., & Hu, F. B. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101669 · Cited by 3
Le double visage des études nutritionnelles : entre « fake news » et véritables informations
Monnier, L., Colette, C., Azrak, A. E., Bauduceau, B., Bordier, L., Essekat, N., & Schlienger, J.-L. (2020) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/j.mmm.2019.11.001 · Cited by 3
Omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular disease prevention: A practice tool for pharmacists
Barry, A. R., Bishop, K. E., Pearson, G. J., & Koshman, S. L. (2022) · Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada · doi:10.1177/17151635221087639 · Cited by 3
“, primary prevention) with or without diabetes, 2 well-designed RCTs (ASCEND and VITAL) of >41,000 patients demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids at 1 g daily (840 mg of marine omega-3 fatty acids, specifically 460 mg of EPA and 380 mg of DHA), similar to 1 capsule daily for many over-thecounter omega-3 fatty acid sup…”
BackgroundRuţă, F. D., Avram, C., Timuș, M., Şipoş, R. S., & Ciucan-Rusu, L. (2023) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-01-2022-0021 · Cited by 4
Interaction of Vitamin D Supplements and Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on Digestive Tract Cancer Prognosis
Fukuzato, S., Ohdaira, H., Suzuki, Y., & Urashima, M. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16070921 · Cited by 3
“However, in the VITAL RCT, marine n -3 PUFA supplementation did not reduce cancer mortality [2].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCao, M., Yang, F., Guo, Y., Liu, R., Chang, M., Wang, Y., Wei, W., Jin, Q., & Wang, X. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.104066 · Cited by 6
ω‑3 fatty acids in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (Review)
Xie, X., Liu, X., Li, R., Ling, F., & Huang, F. (2024) · Biomedical Reports · doi:10.3892/br.2024.1782 · Cited by 6
“The results showed that the risk of major adverse CV events was not markedly reduced (43).”
BackgroundBała, M. M., Agarwal, A., Klatt, K. C., Vernooij, R. W. M., Alonso‐Coello, P., Steen, J. P., Guyatt, G. H., Duque, T. G., & Johnston, B. C. (2024) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000834 · Cited by 3
“23 Many nutri-ents, unfortunately, do not have a readily measurable nutrient status indicator 24 and it remains challenging to assess effect modification by baseline status; self-reported dietary intakes or supplement use may aid in discriminating individuals based on habitual intake and/or status,…”
Sun, S., Hara, A., Johnstone, L. M., Hallmark, B., Lu, E., Watkins, J. C., Thomson, C. A., Sergeant, S., Sergeant, S., Umans, J., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16172933 · Cited by 2
“Other exclusions included those on anti-coagulant medications, allergies to soy (in the vitamin D placebo) or fish, and serious illnesses that could impede participation [6,18].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDawczynski, C., Drobner, T., Weidauer, T., Schlattmann, P., Kiehntopf, M., Weber, D., Grune, T., März, W., Kleber, M. E., & Lorkowski, S. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02500-1 · Cited by 3
Stepanova, A. P., & Каронова, Т. Л. (2020) · Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.14341/dm10316 · Cited by 3
Harris, W. S., Leonard, D. S., Radford, N. B., Barlow, C. E., Steele, M. R., Farrell, S. W., Pavlovic, A., Willis, B. L., & DeFina, L. F. (2020) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2020.11.011 · Cited by 3
Oxidative stress and cancer: Role of n-3 PUFAs
Finocchiaro, C., Fadda, M., D'Onofrio, V., Ippolito, M., Pira, C., & Devecchi, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00022-5 · Cited by 3
Tahergorabi, R., & Abdollahi, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57469-7_6 · Cited by 3
Crawford, M. A., Wang, Y., Marsh, D. E., Johnson, M. R., Ogundipe, E., Ibrahim, A., Rajkumar, H., Kowsalya, S., Kothapalli, K. S. D., & Brenna, J. T. (2022) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102427 · Cited by 3
Hu, L., Hu, Z., Chin, Y., Yu, H., Xu, J., Zhou, J., Liu, D., Kang, M., & Hu, Y. (2022) · Fisheries and aquatic sciences · doi:10.47853/fas.2022.e12 · Cited by 3
Is Omega-3 Index necessary for fish oil supplements for CVD risk prevention?
Luo, C., & Chen, Z. (2022) · Cardiology Plus · doi:10.1097/cp9.0000000000000015 · Cited by 4
“Two recent RCTs have tested omega-3 FAs as primary prevention of CVD (Table 2)[13,14].”
BackgroundMethodManubolu, V. S., Budoff, M. J., & Lakshmanan, S. (2022) · Heart International · doi:10.17925/hi.2022.16.1.2 · Cited by 4
“When compared with placebo, OM3FA had no benefit in reducing MACE (myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death).(48) Another randomized controlled trial, ASCEND (A study of cardiovascular events in diabetes), involved 15,480 participants with diabetes and no history of CVD.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHuang, N. H., Wang, F., Li, S., Zhai, X., Ma, W., Liu, K., Sheerah, H. A., Cao, J., & Eshak, E. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1031168 · Cited by 3
Insights into Causal Cardiovascular Risk Factors from Mendelian Randomization
Schooling, C. M., & Zhao, J. (2023) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-022-01829-8 · Cited by 3
Bosomworth, N. J. (2023) · Canadian Family Physician · doi:10.46747/cfp.6907e134 · Cited by 2
Echocardiographic segmentation based on semi-supervised deep learning with attention mechanism
Liang, J., Pan, H., Xiang, Z., Qin, J., Qiu, Y., Guo, L., Wang, T., Jiang, W., & Lei, B. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16044-y · Cited by 3
“2D echocardiography has become one of the main methods for the diagnosis, management and follow-up of clinical cardiovascular diseases due to its non-invasive, non-radioactive and inexpensive [28].”
Eicosapentaenoic Acid: between Cardiovascular Benefits and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation
Egalini, F., Rossi, M., Massussi, M., Gaggero, G., Beccuti, G., Benso, A. S., Piepoli, M. F., & Broglio, F. (2023) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715303280825231122153024 · Cited by 3
“EPA/DHA ratio was, respectively, 1.2, 0.83, and 1.2 [25, 26, 31].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRojas-Solé, C., Torres-Herrera, B., Gelerstein-Claro, S., Medina-Pérez, D., Gómez-Venegas, H., Alzolay-Sepúlveda, J., Chichiarelli, S., Saso, L., & Rodrigo, R. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14114548 · Cited by 3
Wang, W., Liu, L., Qiu, W., Chen, C., Huang, Y., Cai, A., Nie, Z., Ou, Y., Zhu, Y., & Feng, Y. (2024) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s465135 · Cited by 3
“35,36 These mixed results suggested specific lipid species should be focused on when exploring the association between phosphatidylcholines and cardiovascular diseases.”
BackgroundUgai, T., yrynen, J. P. V. A., Ugai, S., Zhong, R., Haruki, K., Lau, M. C., Zhao, M. M., Zhong, Y., Yao, Q., Matsuda, K., et al. (2024) · The Innovation Medicine · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2024.100082 · Cited by 3
Self-citationKurata, H., Meguro, S., Abe, Y., Sasaki, T., Arai, Y., & Hayashi, K. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20162-z · Cited by 3
“In trials such as JELIS and REDUCE-IT, ω-3 FA, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; which is abundant in fish), has demonstrated efficacy against cardiovascular events and mortality; however, some reports question this efficacy [29–34].”
BackgroundPatil, T., Gregory, M., Savona, N., Jarmukli, N. F., & Leonard, C. E. (2025) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-024-01417-4 · Cited by 3
Lombardi, M., Chiabrando, J. G., Vescovo, G. M., Bressi, E., Buono, M. G. D., Carbone, S., Koenig, R. A., Tassell, B. W. V., Dixon, D. L., Abbate, A., et al. (2020) · Minerva Cardioangiologica · doi:10.23736/s0026-4725.19.05117-x · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Manson, J. E., Cook, N. R., Lee, I.-M., Christen, W., Bassuk, S. S., Mora, S., Gibson, H., Albert, C. M., Gordon, D., Copeland, T., D’Agostino, D., Friedenberg, G., Ridge, C., Bubes, V., Giovannucci, E. L., Willett, W. C., & Buring, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School (J.E.M., N.R.C., I-M.L., W.C., S.S.B., S.M., H.G., C.M.A., D.G., T.C., D.D., G.F., C.R., V.B., E.L.G., W.C.W., J.E.B.), and the Departments of Epidemiology (J.E.M., N.R.C., I.-M.L., W.C.W., J.E.B.) and Nutrition (E.L.G., W.C.W.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health — all in Boston.
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2019-01-03
- Volume
- 380
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-32
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC6392053
- OpenAlex
- W2899720772
- Semantic Scholar
- bb3183c85d8686140abdf23d14174712153d2ed2
- Cited by
- 979
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 162 · 2019: 141
- FWCI
- 94.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R0 CA138962)
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, cardiovascular disease prevention, cancer prevention, primary prevention, cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, cancer mortality, coronary revascularization, dietary supplementation, cardiovascular risk reduction, cancer risk reduction, older adults, Black participants, cancer risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Incidence, Treatment Failure
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