Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis affects 15 to 50% of women of reproductive age, and recurrence is common after treatment with an antibiotic agent. The high incidence of recurrence suggests the need for new treatments to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. METHODS: CTV-05 (Lactin-V) to prevent the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Women 18 to 45 years of age who had received a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and who had completed a course of vaginal metronidazole gel as part of the eligibility requirements were randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive vaginally administered Lactin-V or placebo for 11 weeks; follow-up occurred through week 24. The primary outcome was the percentage of women who had a recurrence of bacterial vaginosis by week 12. RESULTS: CTV-05 was detected in 79% of participants in the Lactin-V group. The percentage of participants who had at least one adverse event related to Lactin-V or placebo by week 24 did not differ significantly between the groups. The percentage of participants with local or systemic adverse events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Lactin-V after treatment with vaginal metronidazole resulted in a significantly lower incidence of recurrence of bacterial vaginosis than placebo at 12 weeks. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02766023.).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A study of vaginally administered Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 strain LACTIN-V demonstrated reduced BV recurrence at 24 weeks from 54% to 39%.
“A recent study of vaginally administered biotherapeutic Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 strain LACTIN-V, demonstrated reduced BV recurrence at 24 weeks from 54% to 39% [31].”
From Feasibility, safety and tolerability of estrogen and/or probiotics for improving vaginal health in Canadian African, Caribbean, and Black women: A pilot phase 1 clinical trial (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The Methods describe vaginally administered Lactin-V, and the Abstract Results report a lower risk of BV recurrence by week 24 than with placebo (risk ratio 0.73). The passages in our copy do not give the claimed week-24 recurrence rates of 54% and 39%, so those exact percentages cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701 · see citing works
RUBIN, D. B. (1976) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.581 · Cited by 9,925 · see citing works
Nugent, R. P., Krohn, M. A., & Hillier, S. L. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991 · Cited by 3,313 · see citing works
Abdool Karim, Q., Abdool Karim, S. S., Frohlich, J. A., Grobler, A. C., Baxter, C., Mansoor, L. E., Kharsany, A. B. M., Sibeko, S., Mlisana, K. P., Omar, Z., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1193748 · Cited by 2,435 · see citing works
Amsel, R., Totten, P. A., Spiegel, C. A., Chen, K. C. S., Eschenbach, D. A., & Holmes, K. K. (1983) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9 · Cited by 2,387 · see citing works
A Case–Control Study of Chorioamnionic Infection and Histologic Chorioamnionitis in Prematurity
Hillier, S. L., Martius, J., Krohn, M. A., Kiviat, N. B., Holmes, K. K., & Eschenbach, D. A. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198810133191503 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Martin, H., Richardson, B. A., Nyange, P. M., Lavreys, L., Hillier, S. L., Chohan, B. H., Mandaliya, K. N., Ndinya‐Achola, J. O., Bwayo, J., & Kreiss, J. K. (1999) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/315127 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Anahtar, M. N., Byrne, E. H., Doherty, K. E., Bowman, B. A., Yamamoto, H. S., Soumillon, M., Padavattan, N., Ismail, N., Moodley, A., Sabatini, M. E., et al. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.019 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Bradshaw, C. S., Morton, A. N., Hocking, J. S., Garland, S. M., Morris, M. B., Moss, L. M., Horvath, L. B., Kuzevska, I., & Fairley, C. K. (2006) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/503780 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Gosmann, C., Anahtar, M. N., Handley, S. A., Farcasanu, M., Abu-Ali, G., Bowman, B. A., Padavattan, N., Desai, C., Droit, L., Moodley, A., et al. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora
Taha, T. E., Hoover, D. R., Dallabetta, G., Kumwenda, J., Mtimavalye, L. A. R., Yang, L.-P., Liomba, G. N., Broadhead, R., Chiphangwi, J. D., & Miotti, P. (1998) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199813000-00019 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis
Eschenbach, D. A., Hillier, S. L., Critchlow, C. W., Stevens, C. E., DeRouen, T. A., & Holmes, K. K. (1988) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(88)90078-6 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
High Global Burden and Costs of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Peebles, K., Velloza, J., Balkus, J. E., McClelland, R. S., & Barnabas, R. V. (2019) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000972 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Stapleton, A. E., Au-Yeung, M., Hooton, T. M., Fredricks, D. N., Roberts, P. L., Czaja, C. A., Yarova-Yarovaya, Y., Fiedler, T., Cox, M., & Stamm, W. E. (2011) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cir183 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis
Allsworth, J. E., & Peipert, J. F. (2007) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000247627.84791.91 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Cohen, C. R., Lingappa, J. R., Baeten, J. M., Ngayo, M. O., Spiegel, C. A., Hong, T., Donnell, D. J., Celum, C., Kapiga, S., Delany‐Moretlwe, S., et al. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001251 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationBacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis.
Watts, D. H., Krohn, M. A., Hillier, S. L., & Eschenbach, D. A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Myer, L., Denny, L., Telerant, R., Souza, M. D., Wright, T. C., & Kuhn, L. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/462427 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Validity of the Vaginal Gram Stain for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis
Schwebke, J. R. (1996) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00233-5 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Bilardi, J., Walker, S. M., Temple-Smith, M. J., McNair, R., Mooney‐Somers, J., Bellhouse, C., Fairley, C. K., Chen, M. Y., & Bradshaw, C. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074378 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Role of bacterial vaginosis–associated microorganisms in endometritis
Hillier, S. L., Kiviat, N. B., Hawes, S. E., Hasselquist, M. B., Wölner‐Hanssen, P., Eschenbach, D. A., & Holmes, K. K. (1996) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70158-8 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis
Senok, A. C., Verstraelen, H., Temmerman, M., & Botta, G. A. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006289.pub2 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Bradshaw, C. S., Vodstrcil, L. A., Hocking, J. S., Law, M. G., Pirotta, M. V., Garland, S. M., de Guingand, D. L., Morton, A. N., & Fairley, C. K. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis1030 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
van de Wijgert, J., & Verwijs, M. (2020) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15870 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity
Hillier, S., Martius, J., Krohn, M. A., Kiviat, N. B., Holmes, K. K., & Eschenbach, D. A. (1989) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(89)90145-8 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Extravaginal reservoirs of vaginal bacteria as risk factors for incident bacterial vaginosis.
Marrazzo, J. M., Fiedler, T. L., Srinivasan, S., Thomas, K. K., Liu, C., Ko, D., Xie, H., Saracino, M., & Fredricks, D. N. (2012) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jis242 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hemmerling, A., Harrison, W., Schroeder, A., Park, J., Korn, A. P., Shiboski, S. C., Foster-Rosales, A. F., & Cohen, C. R. (2010) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3181e50026 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationBeamer, M. A., Meyn, L. A., Murray, P. J., Busse, B., & Hillier, S. L. (2009) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/598686 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Czaja, C. A., Stapleton, A. E., Yarova‐Yarovaya, Y., & Stamm, W. E. (2007) · Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1155/2007/35387 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Beamer, M. A., & Hillier, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.41.5.1881-1887.2003 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Peelen, M. J. C. S., Luef, B. M., Lamont, R., de Milliano, I., Jensen, J. S., Limpens, J., Hajenius, P. J., Jørgensen, J. S., & Menon, R. (2019) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2019.03.011 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women
Karim, S. S. A., Baxter, C., Passmore, J.-A. S., McKinnon, L. R., & Williams, B. L. (2019) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25300 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Vaginal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a conceptual analysis
Ma, D., Chen, Y., & Chen, T. (2019) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fnz025 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cohen, C. R., Moscicki, A., Scott, M. E., Ma, Y., Shiboski, S. C., Bukusi, E. A., Daud, I. I., Rebbapragada, A., Brown, J., & Kaul, R. (2010) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32833c323b · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationNgugi, B. M., Hemmerling, A., Bukusi, E. A., Kikuvi, G. M., Gikunju, J. K., Shiboski, S. C., Fredricks, D. N., & Cohen, C. R. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3182267ac4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationvan de Wijgert, J. H. H. M., Verwijs, M. C., Agaba, S. K., Bronowski, C., Mwambarangwe, L., Uwineza, M., Lievens, E., Nivoliez, A., Ravel, J., & Darby, A. C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60671-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bacterial vaginosis and postoperative infections
Soper, D. E. (1993) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90343-h · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Diversity of Cervicovaginal Microbiota Associated with Female Lower Genital Tract Infections
Ling, Z., Liu, X., Chen, X., Zhu, H., Nelson, K. E., Xia, Y., Li, L., & Xiang, C. (2011) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-011-9813-z · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tinidazole vs metronidazole for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis
Schwebke, J. R., & Desmond, R. A. (2010) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.898 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
McClelland, R. S., Balkus, J. E., Lee, J. Y., Anzala, O. A., Kimani, J., Schwebke, J. R., Bragg, V., Lensing, S., & Kavak, L. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu818 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hemmerling, A., Harrison, W., Schroeder, A., Park, J., Korn, A. P., SHIBOSKI, S. C., & Cohen, C. R. (2009) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3181a74924 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationCruciani, F., Wasinger, V. C., Turroni, S., Calanni, F., Donders, G. G. G., Brigidi, P., & Vitali, B. (2013) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkt244 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mullins, M. Z., & Trouton, K. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0852-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Balkus, J. E., Jaoko, W. G., Mandaliya, K. N., Richardson, B. A., Masese, L. N., Gitau, R., Kiarie, J. N., Marrazzo, J. M., Farquhar, C., & McClelland, R. S. (2012) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e31824790d7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hemmerling, A., Harrison, W. G., Brown, J., Moscicki, B., Oziemkowska, M., Bukusi, E. A., & Cohen, C. R. (2012) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3182641f08 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 · Cited by 2,759 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives
Merenstein, D., Pot, B., Leyer, G., Ouwehand, A. C., Preidis, G. A., Elkins, C. A., Hill, C., Lewis, Z. T., Shane, A. L., Zmora, N., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2185034 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
The Female Vaginal Microbiome in Health and Bacterial Vaginosis
Chen, X. F., Lu, Y., Chen, T., & Li, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.631972 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota
France, M., Alizadeh, M. A., Brown, S. E., Ma, B., & Ravel, J. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01083-2 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Ravel, J., Moreno, I., & Simón, C. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.019 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Colbert, L. E., Alam, M. B. E., Wang, R., Karpinets, T. V., Lo, D., Lynn, E. J., Harris, T. A., Elnaggar, J. H., Yoshida-Court, K., Tomasic, K., et al. (2023) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2023.09.012 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Ma, Z., Zuo, T., Frey, N., & Rangrez, A. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01946-6 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Update of probiotics in human world: A nonstop source of benefactions till the end of time
Zommiti, M., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Connil, N. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8121907 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Translocation of vaginal microbiota is involved in impairment and protection of uterine health
Wang, J., Li, Z., Ma, X., Du, L., Jia, Z., Cui, X., Yu, L., Yang, J., Xiao, L., Zhang, B., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24516-8 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The pregnancy microbiome and preterm birth
Bayar, E., Bennett, P. R., Chan, D., Sykes, L., & MacIntyre, D. A. (2020) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-020-00817-w · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Vaginal microbiome-host interactions modeled in a human vagina-on-a-chip
Mahajan, G., Doherty, E. R., To, T., Sutherland, A. D., Grant, J. L., Junaid, A., Gulati, A., LoGrande, N., Izadifar, Z., Timilsina, S. S., et al. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01400-1 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention
Abbe, C., & Mitchell, C. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2023.1100029 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatment
Vodstrcil, L. A., Muzny, C. A., Plummer, E. L., Sobel, J. D., & Bradshaw, C. S. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02077-3 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Bloom, S. M., Mafunda, N. A., Woolston, B. M., Hayward, M. R., Frempong, J. F., Abai, A. B., Xu, J., Mitchell, A. J., Westergaard, X. O., Hussain, F. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01070-7 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Roles of the Microbiota of the Female Reproductive Tract in Gynecological and Reproductive Health
Zhu, B., Tao, Z., Edupuganti, L., Serrano, M. G., & Buck, G. A. (2022) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00181-21 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Delgado-Diaz, D. J., Jesaveluk, B., Hayward, J. A., Tyssen, D. P., Alisoltani, A., Potgieter, M. G., Bell, L., Ross, E. J., Iranzadeh, A., Allali, I., et al. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01337-5 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Vaginal Microbiome: A Long Urogenital Colonization Throughout Woman Life
Auriemma, R. S., Scairati, R., Vecchio, G. D., Liccardi, A., Verde, N., Pirchio, R., Pivonello, R., Ercolini, D., & Colao, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.686167 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Liu, P., Lu, Y., Li, R., & Chen, X. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1153894 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Male-Partner Treatment to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis
Vodstrcil, L. A., Plummer, E. L., Fairley, C. K., Hocking, J. S., Law, M. G., Petoumenos, K., Bateson, D. J., Murray, G. L., Donovan, B. J., Chow, E. P. F., et al. (2025) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2405404 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Determinants of Vaginal Microbiota Composition
Moosa, Y., Kwon, D. S., de Oliveira, T., & Wong, E. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00467 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Advances and future perspectives in epithelial drug delivery
Mohammed, Y., Holmes, A. M., Kwok, P. C. L., Kumeria, T., Namjoshi, S., Imran, M., Matteucci, L., Ali, M., Tai, W., Benson, H. A., et al. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114293 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Wrønding, T., Vomstein, K., Bosma, E. F., Mortensen, B., Westh, H., Heintz, J. E., Mollerup, S., Petersen, A. M., Ensign, L. M., DeLong, K., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102070 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Complex Link between the Female Genital Microbiota, Genital Infections, and Inflammation
Dabee, S., Passmore, J.-A. S., Heffron, R., & Jaspan, H. B. (2021) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00487-20 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Probiotics as Antibiotic Alternatives for Human and Animal Applications
Rabetafika, H. N., Razafindralambo, A., Ebenso, B., & Razafindralambo, H. L. (2023) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia3020040 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Armstrong, E., Hemmerling, A., Miller, S. A., Burke, K., Newmann, S. J., Morris, S., Reno, H., Huibner, S., Kulikova, M., Nagelkerke, N. J. D., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00043-x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationPruski, P., Correia, G. D. S., Lewis, H., Capuccini, K., Inglese, P., Chan, D., Brown, R. G., Kindinger, L. M., Lee, Y. S., Smith, A., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26215-w · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Female reproductive tract-organ axes
Takada, K., Melnikov, V. G., Kobayashi, R., Komine‐Aizawa, S., Tsuji, N. M., & Hayakawa, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The right bug in the right place: opportunities for bacterial vaginosis treatment
Wu, S., Hugerth, L. W., Schuppe‐Koistinen, I., & Du, J. (2022) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-022-00295-y · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Muzny, C. A., & Sobel, J. D. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11040500 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Chen, R., Li, R., Wei, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Z., Hou, Y., Shi, Y., Zhou, H., & Chen, M. (2022) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-022-01449-z · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The endometrial microbiota and early pregnancy loss
Odendaal, J., Black, N., Bennett, P. R., Brosens, J. J., Quenby, S. M., & MacIntyre, D. A. (2023) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dead274 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Joseph, R. J., Ser, H.-L., Kuai, Y.-H., Tan, L. T.-H., Arasoo, V. J. T., Letchumanan, V., Wang, L., Pusparajah, P., Goh, B.-H., Ab Mutalib, N.-S., et al. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10060719 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bradshaw, C. S., Plummer, E. L., Muzny, C. A., Mitchell, C. M., Fredricks, D. N., Herbst‐Kralovetz, M. M., & Vodstrcil, L. A. (2025) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-025-00626-1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Evaluation and Management of Vaginitis
Marnach, M. L., Wygant, J. N., & Casey, P. M. (2022) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.09.022 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The urinary microbiome and biological therapeutics: Novel therapies for urinary tract infections
Kenneally, C., Murphy, C. P., Sleator, R. D., & Culligan, E. P. (2022) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2022.127010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Muzny, C. A., Balkus, J. E., Mitchell, C. M., Sobel, J. D., Workowski, K., Marrazzo, J. M., & Schwebke, J. R. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac021 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Zhu, M., Frank, M. W., Radka, C. D., Jeanfavre, S., Xu, J., Tse, M. W., Pacheco, J. A., Kim, J. S., Pierce, K., Deik, A., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.029 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Animal Models and Alternatives in Vaginal Research: a Comparative Review
McCracken, J. M., Calderon, G. A., Robinson, A., Sullivan, C. N., Cosgriff‐Hernandez, E., & Hakim, J. C.-E. (2021) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-021-00529-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mtshali, A., San, J. E., Osman, F., Garrett, N., Balle, C., Giandhari, J., Onywera, H., Mngomezulu, K., Mzobe, G. F., de Oliveira, T., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.730986 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Munoz, A. R., Hayward, M. R., Bloom, S. M., Rocafort, M., Ngcapu, S., Mafunda, N. A., Xu, J., Xulu, N., Dong, M., Dong, K. L., et al. (2021) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01096-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Beyond bacterial vaginosis: vaginal lactobacilli and HIV risk
Armstrong, E., & Kaul, R. (2021) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01183-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment for Mixed Vaginitis
Qi, W., Li, H., Wang, C., Li, H., Zhang, B., Dong, M., Fan, A., Han, C., & Xue, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.759795 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Lactobacilli biology, applications and host interactions
Mejía-Caballero, A., & Marco, M. L. (2025) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-025-01205-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Screening and characterization of vaginal fluid donations for vaginal microbiota transplantation
Yockey, L. J., Hussain, F. A., Bergerat, A., Reissis, A., Worrall, D. P., Xu, J., Gomez, I., Bloom, S. M., Mafunda, N. A., Kelly, J., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22873-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Das, S., Bhattacharjee, M. J., Mukherjee, A. K., & Khan, M. R. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2022.2049696 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Qian, Z., Zhu, H., Zhao, D., Yang, P., Gao, F., Lu, C., Yin, Y., Kan, S., & Chen, D. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9040728 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Turpin, R., Tuddenham, S., He, X., Klebanoff, M. A., Ghanem, K. G., & Brotman, R. M. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab103 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Novel Selective Inhibition of Lactobacillus iners by Lactobacillus -Derived Bacteriocins
Nilsen, T., Swedek, I., Lagenaur, L. A., & Parks, T. (2020) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01594-20 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationProtection and Risk: Male and Female Genital Microbiota and Sexually Transmitted Infections
Tuddenham, S., Ravel, J., & Marrazzo, J. M. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa762 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Protective Mechanisms of Vaginal Lactobacilli against Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections
Avitabile, E., Menotti, L., Croatti, V., Giordani, B., Parolin, C., & Vitali, B. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179168 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Recent advances in therapeutic probiotics: insights from human trials
Cho, M.-Y., Eom, J.-H., Choi, E.-M., Yang, S., Lee, D., Kim, Y.-Y., Kim, H.-S., & Hwang, I. (2025) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00240-24 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Armstrong, E., Hemmerling, A., Miller, S., Burke, K. E., Newmann, S. J., Morris, S. R., Reno, H., Huibner, S., Kulikova, M., Liu, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci152930 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationConnecting the Dots: Translating the Vaginal Microbiome Into a Drug
Lagenaur, L. A., Hemmerling, A., Chiu, C. Y., Miller, S. A., Lee, P. P., Cohen, C. R., & Parks, T. P. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa676 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationBacterial vaginosis: A state of microbial dysbiosis
Mondal, A. S., Sharma, R., & Trivedi, N. (2023) · Medicine in Microecology · doi:10.1016/j.medmic.2023.100082 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Vaginal dysbiosis and the potential of vaginal microbiome-directed therapeutics
Valeriano, V. D., Lahtinen, E., Hwang, I., Zhang, Y., Du, J., & Schuppe‐Koistinen, I. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiomes · doi:10.3389/frmbi.2024.1363089 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Connecting microbiome and menopause for healthy ageing
Łaniewski, P., & Herbst‐Kralovetz, M. M. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01071-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Abrupt perturbation and delayed recovery of the vaginal ecosystem following childbirth
Costello, E. K., DiGiulio, D. B., Robaczewska, A., Symul, L., Wong, R. J., Shaw, G. M., Stevenson, D. K., Holmes, S., Kwon, D. S., & Relman, D. A. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39849-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Diversity in women and their vaginal microbiota
Condori-Catachura, S., Ahannach, S., Ticlla, M., Kenfack, J. M., Esemu, L. F., Anukam, K. C., Pinedo-Cancino, V., Collado, M. C., Domínguez-Bello, M. G., Miller, C. B., et al. (2025) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2024.12.012 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Surapaneni, S., Akins, R. A., & Sobel, J. D. (2021) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000001420 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hemmerling, A., Mitchell, C. M., Demby, S. M., Ghebremichael, M. S., Elsherbini, J., Xu, J., Xulu, N., Shih, J. B., Dong, K. L., Govender, V., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101037 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Y., Lyu, J., Ge, L., Huang, L.-T., Peng, Z., Liang, Y., Zhang, X., & Fan, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.669901 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Chow, K., Wooten, D. A., Annepally, S., Burke, L., Edi, R., & Morris, S. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02236-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationPierro, F. D., Criscuolo, A. A., Giudici, A. D., Senatori, R., Sesti, F., Ciotti, M., & Piccione, E. (2021) · Minerva Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.23736/s2724-606x.21.04752-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Probiotic lactobacilli in formulas and hygiene products for the health of the urogenital tract
Nader-Macı́as, M. E., Gregorio, P. R. D., & Silva, J. A. (2021) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.787 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Urinary Tract Infection and Microbiome
Kim, D. S., & Lee, J. W. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13111921 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The microbial revolution: Unveiling the benefits of vaginal probiotics and prebiotics
Pagar, R. R., Deshkar, S. S., Mahore, J., Patole, V., Deshpande, H., Gandham, N. R., MIRZA, S. B., Junnarkar, M. V., & Nawani, N. N. (2024) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2024.127787 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ravel, J., Simmons, S. L., Greenwood, E. A., Gottfried, S., Greene, M., Kellogg‐Spadt, S., Gevers, D., & Harper, D. M. (2025) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00788-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Qi, F., Fan, S., Fang, C., Ge, L., Lyu, J., Huang, Z., Zhao, S., Zou, Y., Huang, L.-T., Liu, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125239 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bayar, E., MacIntyre, D. A., Sykes, L., Mountain, K. E., Lee, Y., Parks, T., Lee, P. P., & Bennett, P. R. (2023) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2022.0084 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Female Reproductive Tract Microbiota: Friends and Foe
Kumar, L., Dwivedi, M., Jain, N., Shete, P., Solanki, S. S., Gupta, R. K., & Jain, A. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13061313 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mitra, A., Gültekin, M., Ellis, L. B., Bizzarri, N., Bowden, S. J., Taumberger, N., Bracic, T., Vieira‐Baptista, P., Sehouli, J., & Kyrgiou, M. (2023) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00257-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ratten, L. K., Plummer, E. L., Murray, G. L., Danielewski, J., Fairley, C. K., Garland, S. M., Hocking, J. S., Tachedjian, G., Chow, E., Bradshaw, C. S., et al. (2020) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16430 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rapid-dissolving electrospun nanofibers for intra-vaginal antibiotic or probiotic delivery
Minooei, F., Gilbert, N. M., Zhang, L., NeCamp, S. M., Mahmoud, M. Y., Kyser, A. J., Tyo, K. M., Watson, W. H., Patwardhan, R., Lewis, W. G., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Understanding and Preventing Recurring Bacterial Vaginosis: Important Considerations for Clinicians
Muzny, C. A., & Sobel, J. D. (2023) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s383333 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bioinspired approaches to encapsulate and deliver bacterial live biotherapeutic products
Brittain, N. Y., & Finbloom, J. A. (2025) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2025.115663 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cheu, R. K., Gustin, A. T., Lee, C. Y., Schifanella, L., Miller, C. J., Ha, A., Kim, C., Rodriguez, V. J., Fischl, M. A., Burgener, A., et al. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009024 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Shen, X., Xu, L. H., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Li, P., Ma, T., Guo, S., Kwok, L., & Sun, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1114364 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bacterial adhesion strategies and countermeasures in urinary tract infection
Flores, C., & Rohn, J. L. (2025) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-025-01926-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Living Therapeutics: The Next Frontier of Precision Medicine
Kelly, V. W., Liang, B. K., & Sirk, S. J. (2020) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.0c00444 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fabrication and characterization of bioprints with Lactobacillus crispatus for vaginal application
Kyser, A. J., Masigol, M., Mahmoud, M. Y., Ryan, M., Lewis, W. G., Lewis, A. L., Frieboes, H. B., & Steinbach-Rankins, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.023 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The reproductive tract microbiota in pregnancy
Grewal, K. J., MacIntyre, D. A., & Bennett, P. R. (2021) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20203908 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Deciphering the role of female reproductive tract microbiome in reproductive health: a review
Gao, H., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Li, T., Li, H., Li, G., Tan, L., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1351540 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rizzo, A. E., Gordon, J., Berard, A. R., Burgener, A., & Avril, S. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11060546 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Chieng, W. K., Jalal, M. I. A., Bedi, J. S., Zainuddin, A. A., Mokhtar, M. H., Abu, M. A., Chew, K. T., & Azurah, A. G. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.938838 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Vieira-Baptista, P., Seta, F. D., Verstraelen, H., Ventolini, G., Lonnee-Hoffmann, R., & Lev-Sagie, A. (2021) · Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease · doi:10.1097/lgt.0000000000000647 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Vivekanandan, V., Khan, Z. H., Venugopal, G., Musunuru, B., Mishra, P. P., Srivastava, S., Ramadass, B., & Subhadra, B. G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53770-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Design of probiotic delivery systems and their therapeutic effects on targeted tissues
Xu, C., Guo, J., Chang, B., Zhang, Y., Tan, Z., Tian, Z., Duan, X., Ma, J., Jiang, Z., & Hou, J. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.08.037 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evaluation of vulvovaginitis in the adolescent patient
Itriyeva, K. (2020) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100836 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Armstrong-Buisseret, L., Brittain, C., Kai, J., David, M. D., Watkins, J. A., Ozolins, M., Jackson, L., Abdali, Z., Hepburn, T., Griffiths, F., et al. (2022) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/zzkh4176 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Nori, S. R. C., Walsh, C. J., McAuliffe, F. M., Moore, R. L., Van Sinderen, D., Feehily, C., & Cotter, P. D. (2025) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00682-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Noël‐Romas, L., Perner, M., Knodel, S., Molatlhegi, R. P., Hoger, S., Birse, K., Zuend, C. F., McKinnon, L. R., & Burgener, A. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac938 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Vaginal microbiome in obesity and its impact on reproduction
Garg, A., Ellis, L. B., Love, R. L., Grewal, K. J., Bowden, S. J., Bennett, P. R., & Kyrgiou, M. (2023) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102365 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Harnessing the power within: engineering the microbiome for enhanced gynecologic health
Brennan, C., Chan, K., Kumar, T., Maissy, E. S., Brubaker, L. T., Dothard, M. I., Gilbert, J. A., Gilbert, K. E., Lewis, A. L., Thackray, V. G., et al. (2024) · Reproduction and Fertility · doi:10.1530/raf-23-0060 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cheng, Q., Lv, S., Yin, N., & Wang, J. (2025) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00839-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Schwebke, J. R., Carter, B. A., Waldbaum, A. S., Agnew, K. J., Paull, J. R., Price, C. F., Castellarnau, A., McCloud, P., & Kinghorn, G. R. (2021) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology X · doi:10.1016/j.eurox.2021.100121 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Qin, L., Sun, T., Li, X., Zhao, S., Liu, Z., Zhang, C., Jin, C., Xu, Y., Cao, Y., Cao, Y., et al. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02152-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Alizhan, D., Ukybassova, T., Bapayeva, G., Aimagambetova, G. N., Kongrtay, K., Kamzayeva, N., & Terzić, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051521 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhou, T., Fu, R., Hou, J., Yang, F., Chai, F., Mao, Z., Deng, A., Li, F., Guan, Y., Hu, H., et al. (2024) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.4c01520 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mehta, S. D., Nandi, D., Agingu, W., Green, S. J., Bhaumik, D. K., Bailey, R. C., & Otieno, F. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa529 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Carter, K. A., France, M., Rutt, L., Bilski, L., Martinez-Greiwe, S., Regan, M. B., Brotman, R. M., & Ravel, J. (2024) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00030-24 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cohen, C. R., Wierzbicki, M. R., French, A. L., Morris, S., Newmann, S., Reno, H., Green, L., Miller, S., Powell, J., Parks, T., & Hemmerling, A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2020-05-14
- Volume
- 382
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1906-1915
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC7362958
- OpenAlex
- W3024851520
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 33.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN272201300014I/HHSN27200007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Urinary Tract Infections Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Keywords
- bacterial vaginosis, recurrence prevention, vaginal probiotics, Lactobacillus, metronidazole, vaginal treatment, adverse events
- MeSH terms
- Lactobacillus crispatus, Administration, Intravaginal, Adolescent, Adult, Antibiosis, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Double-Blind Method, Female, Gels, Humans, Metronidazole, Middle Aged, Vagina, Incidence, Vaginosis, Bacterial, Secondary Prevention, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
