Bacterial vaginosis: A state of microbial dysbiosis

Mondal, Arijit Sankar; Sharma, Ritu; Trivedi, Nitin

doi:10.1016/j.medmic.2023.100082

Cited by 44Reproductive tract infections researchGut microbiota and healthUrinary Tract Infections Management

Bacterial vaginosis: A state of microbial dysbiosis

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Mondal, Arijit Sankar, Sharma, Ritu, Trivedi, Nitin·2023·Medicine in Microecology

DOI 10.1016/j.medmic.2023.100082

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Abstract

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial vaginal dysbiosis alongside lactobacillus depletion that primarily affects women of reproductive age. The fishy odor vaginal discharge is the major cause of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria colonization. Symptomatic women face specific catastrophic physiological and immunopathological consequences in addition to an elevated risk of sexually transmitted infections. Further, rash antibiotic therapy has witnessed antimicrobial-resistance amplifying vaginal infections. The emergence of biofilm-associated antimicrobial-resistance has made the issue worsened. This article has gone on to explore novel regimens, advanced diagnosis, and various cutting-edge strategies that are found to be effective in addressing these problems and restoring vaginal health.

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The healthy adult vaginal microbiota is typically dominated by Lactobacillus species, while a more diverse microbial community often indicates compromised health.
“The healthy adult vaginal microbiota is typically dominated by Lactobacillusspecies, while a more diverse microbial community often indicates compromised health [6].”
From Women's health is a team effort: probiogenomics supports the development of a multi-species vaginal probiotic (2026) · cites this paper as [6]

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Dols, J. A. M., Smit, P. W., Kort, R., Reid, G., Schuren, F. H. J., Tempelman, H. A., Bontekoe, T. R., Korporaal, H., & Boon, M. E. (2011) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.11.012 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Insights Into Vaginal Bacterial Communities and Metabolic Profiles of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection: Positioning Between Eubiosis and Dysbiosis
Parolin, C., Foschi, C., Laghi, L., Zhu, C., Banzola, N., Gaspari, V., D’Antuono, A., Giordani, B., Severgnini, M., Consolandi, C., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00600 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Antibiotic resistance of Gardnerella vaginalis in recurrent bacterial vaginosis
Nagaraja, P. A. (2008) · Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.4103/0255-0857.40531 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Prospective, Open-Label Pilot Study of Concurrent Male Partner Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis
Plummer, E. L., Vodstrcil, L. A., Doyle, M. L., Danielewski, J., Murray, G. L., Fehler, G., Fairley, C. K., Bulach, D., Garland, S. M., Chow, E. P. F., et al. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02323-21 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of a vaginal medicinal product containing three strains of probiotic bacteria: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial
Tomusiak, A., Strus, M., Heczko, P. B., Adamski, P., Stefański, G., Mikołajczyk-Cichońska, A., & Suda-Szczurek, M. (2015) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s89214 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Susceptibility ofGardnerella vaginalisBiofilms to Natural Antimicrobials Subtilosin,ε-Poly-L-Lysine, and Lauramide Arginine Ethyl Ester
Turovskiy, Y., Cheryian, T., Algburi, A., Wirawan, R. E., Takhistov, P., Sinko, P. J., & Chikindas, M. L. (2012) · Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1155/2012/284762 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Identification and partial characterization of a cytolytic toxin produced by Gardnerella vaginalis
Rottini, G., Dobrina, A., Forgiarini, O., Nardon, E., Amirante, G. A., & Patriarca, P. (1990) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.58.11.3751-3758.1990 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Screening of Compounds against Gardnerella vaginalis Biofilms
Gottschick, C., Szafrański, S. P., Kunze, B., Sztajer, H., Masur, C., Abels, C., & Wagner‐Döbler, I. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154086 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Treatment of Male Sexual Partners of Women With Bacterial Vaginosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Schwebke, J. R., Lensing, S., Lee, J. Y., Muzny, C. A., Pontius, A., Woznicki, N. A., Aguin, T. J., & Sobel, J. D. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1903 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Penile Microbiota in Uncircumcised and Circumcised Men: Relationships With HIV and Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cervicovaginal Microbiota
Onywera, H., Williamson, A., Ponomarenko, J. V., & Meiring, T. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00383 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Role for Dendritic Cells in Immunoregulation during Experimental Vaginal Candidiasis
LeBlanc, D. M., Barousse, M. M., & Fidel, P. L. (2006) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01824-05 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Interaction of Gardnerella vaginalis and Vaginolysin with the Apical versus Basolateral Face of a Three-Dimensional Model of Vaginal Epithelium
Garcia, E. M., Kraskauskiene, V., Koblinski, J. E., & Jefferson, K. K. (2019) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00646-18 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A phase-3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and safety of single oral doses of secnidazole 2 g for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis
Schwebke, J. R., Morgan, F. G., Koltun, W. D., & Nyirjesy, P. (2017) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.017 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bacterial Vaginosis and Behavioral Factors Associated With Incident Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in the Longitudinal Study of Vaginal Flora
Turpin, R., Tuddenham, S., He, X., Klebanoff, M. A., Ghanem, K. G., & Brotman, R. M. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab103 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Immunopathology of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Infections: New Aspects and Research Directions
Kalia, N., Singh, J., & Kaur, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02034 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Metronidazole Vaginal Gel 1.3% in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis
Schwebke, J. R., Marrazzo, J. M., Beelen, A. P., & Sobel, J. D. (2015) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000300 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Segmentation, Splitting, and Classification of Overlapping Bacteria in Microscope Images for Automatic Bacterial Vaginosis Diagnosis
Song, Y., He, L., Zhou, F., Chen, S., Ni, D., Lei, B., & Wang, T. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2016.2594239 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Gene polymorphisms of Toll-like and related recognition receptors in relation to the vaginal carriage of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae
Verstraelen, H., Verhelst, R., Nuytinck, L., Roelens, K., de Meester, E., Vos, D. D., van Thielen, M., Rossau, R., Delva, W., Backer, E. D., et al. (2009) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2008.10.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Inducing Factor from the Female Genital Tract Activates HIV‐1 Gene Expression through the κB Enhancer
Al‐Harthi, L., Spear, G. T., Hashemi, F. B., LANDAY, A. L., Sha, B. E., & Roebuck, K. A. (1998) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/314444 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Changes in the vaginal microbiota following antibiotic treatment for Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis
Ahrens, P., Andersen, L. O., Lilje, B., Johannesen, T. B., Dahl, E. G., Baig, S., Jensen, J. S., & Falk, L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236036 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Bacterial vaginosis: Culture- and PCR-based characterizations of a complex polymicrobial disease’s pathobiology
Kalra, A., Palcu, C. T., Sobel, J. D., & Akins, R. A. (2007) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-007-0074-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Vaginal Microbiome of Pregnant Indian Women: Insights into the Genome of Dominant Lactobacillus Species
GARBH-Ini study group, Mehta, O., Ghosh, T. S., Kothidar, A., Gowtham, M. R., Mitra, R., Kshetrapal, P., Wadhwa, N., Thiruvengadam, R., Nair, G. B., et al. (2020) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-020-01501-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bacterial Vaginosis: A Review of Treatment, Recurrence, and Disparities
Jones, A. (2019) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.03.010 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prevalence and Assessment of Clinical Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Sex Workers in Two Cities of India
Das, A., Prabhakar, P., Narayanan, P., Neilsen, G. A., Wi, T., Kumta, S., Rao, G., Gangakhedkar, R., & Risbud, A. (2011) · Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1155/2011/494769 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Variations in Vaginal, Penile, and Oral Microbiota After Sexual Intercourse: A Case Report
Carda‐Diéguez, M., Cárdenas, N., Aparicio, M., Beltrán, D., Rodríguez, J. M., & Mira, Á. (2019) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00178 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Comparison of Hay’s Criteria with Nugent’s Scoring System for Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis
Chawla, R., Bhalla, P., Chadha, S., Grover, S., & Garg, S. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/365194 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Identification of Immune Cells by Flow Cytometry in Vaginal Lavages from Women with Vulvovaginitis and Normal Microflora
Giraldo, P. C., de Carvalho, J. B. J., do Amaral, R. L. G., Gonçalves, A. K., Eleutério, J., & Guimarães, F. (2011) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01093.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Presence and Concentrations of Select Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Bacteria Are Associated With Increased Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Haggerty, C. L., Ness, R. B., Totten, P. A., Farooq, F., Tang, G., Ko, D. L., Hou, X., Fiedler, T. L., Srinivasan, S., Astete, S. G., et al. (2020) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000001164 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Inhibitory activity of thymol on native and mature Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms: in vitro study
Braga, P. C., Sasso, M. D., Culici, M., & Spallino, A. (2011) · Arzneimittelforschung · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1296346 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Secnidazole Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis
Hillier, S. L., Nyirjesy, P., Waldbaum, A. S., Schwebke, J. R., Morgan, F. G., Adetoro, N., & Braun, C. J. (2017) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002135 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Comparative study of Amsel’s criteria and Nugent scoring for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in a tertiary care hospital, Nepal
Bhujel, R., Mishra, S. K., Yadav, S. K., Bista, K. D., & Parajuli, K. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06562-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
An Adherent Gardnerella Vaginalis Biofilm Persists on the Vaginal Epithelium After Standard Therapy with Oral Metronidazole
Vogel, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.11.009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bacterial vaginosis
Hay, P. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11417.1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Sexually Transmitted Diseases
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Clinical comparative study of optimized metronidazole loaded lipid nanocarrier vaginal emulgel for management of bacterial vaginosis and its recurrence
Badawi, N. M., Elkafrawy, M. A., Yehia, R. M., & Attia, D. A. (2021) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717544.2021.1912211 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria Causing Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Associated with Vaginosis
Shaskolskiy, B. L., Dementieva, E., Лейнсоо, А. Т., Рунина, А. В., Vorobyev, D. S., Plakhova, X. I., Kubanov, A. A., Deryabin, D., & Gryadunov, D. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00747 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prevalent Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Increases the Risk of Incident Bacterial Vaginosis in Women from South Africa
Abbai, N. S., Nyirenda, M., Naidoo, S., & Gita Ramjee, H. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1924-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Molecular Diagnosis of Vaginitis: Comparing Quantitative PCR and Microbiome Profiling Approaches to Current Microscopy Scoring
Lynch, T., Peirano, G., Lloyd, T., Read, R., Carter, J., Chú, Á., Shaman, J. A., Jarvis, J. P., Diamond, E., Ijaz, U. Z., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00300-19 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Two phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy and safety of Astodrimer 1% Gel for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis
Chavoustie, S. E., Carter, B. A., Waldbaum, A. S., Donders, G. G. G., Peters, K., Schwebke, J. R., Paull, J. R., Price, C. F., Castellarnau, A., McCloud, P., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.11.032 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

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6 of the 248 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

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Vaginal Microbiome: Environmental, Biological, and Racial Influences on Gynecological Health Across the Lifespan
Dubé‐Zinatelli, E., Cappelletti, L., & Ismail, N. (2024) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.70026 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Microbial Pathogens Linked to Vaginal Microbiome Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Tools for Their Treatment
Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2025) · Acta Microbiologica Hellenica · doi:10.3390/amh70020019 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Exploring Immunome and Microbiome Interplay in Reproductive Health: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Novel Diagnostic Tools
Lingasamy, P., Modhukur, V., Mändar, R., & Salumets, A. (2023) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1778017 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Antibiofilm Agents for the Treatment and Prevention of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Narrative Review
Gao, M., Manos, J., Whiteley, G. S., & Zablotska, I. (2024) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiae134 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Unveiling the microbial orchestra: exploring the role of microbiota in cancer development and treatment
Alum, E. U., Uti, D. E., Ugwu, O. P.-C., Alum, B. N., Edeh, F. O., & Ainebyoona, C. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-02352-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Cervicovaginal Infection, Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Romanian Women
Brăila, A. D., Poalelungi, C.-V., Albu, C.-C., Damian, C. M., Dȋră, L. M., Banateanu, A. M., & Bogdan-Andreescu, C. F. (2025) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases13010018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Microbiota analysis of perimenopausal women experiencing recurrent vaginitis in conjunction with urinary tract infection
Bi, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, L., Chen, Y., Qin, J., & Zheng, H. (2025) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-024-03709-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Molecular characterization of vaginal microbiota using a new 22-species qRT-PCR test to achieve a relative-abundance and species-based diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis
Oyenihi, A. B., Haines, R., Trama, J. P., Faro, S., Mordechai, E., Adelson, M. E., & Sekyere, J. O. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1409774 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum L. essential oil against multidrug resistance bacteria vaginosis
Akinduti, P. A., Osunlola, O. L., Adebekun, F. A., Viavonu, D. T., Elughi, G. N., Popoola, O. D., & Abdulsalami, S. A. (2024) · Medicine in Microecology · doi:10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100115 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Determinants of Vaginal Microbiome Stability and Homeostasis
Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2025) · Biocell · doi:10.32604/biocell.2025.066108 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Beyond barriers: advances in vaginal drug delivery systems for women’s health
Ahmed, S., Mehana, D., & EL-Ashmoony, M. M. (2026) · Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1186/s43094-026-00996-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Medical-Grade Honey as a Potential New Therapy for Bacterial Vaginosis
Lardenoije, C. M. J. G., van Riel, S. J. J. M., Peters, L. J. F., Wassen, M. M. L. H., & Cremers, N. A. J. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13040368 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The vaginal microbiome in bacterial vaginosis: Pathogenesis, reproductive impacts, and emerging therapies
Dubé‐Zinatelli, E., Cappelletti, L., & Ismail, N. (2025) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2025.104804 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Genome-wide analysis of Enterococcus faecalis genes that facilitate interspecies competition with Lactobacillus crispatus
Lam, L. N., Savage, K. E., Shakir, C. N., & Lemos, J. A. C. (2025) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00438-24 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hallmarks of Bacterial Vaginosis
Pérez-Ibave, D. C., Burciaga-Flores, C. H., García-Mejía, X., Alcorta-Núñez, F., Solís‐Coronado, O., González-Escamilla, M., Vidal-Gutiérrez, Ó., & Garza-Rodríguez, M. L. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15091090 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Molecular and cellular biology of bacterial lactate metabolism
McEwan, A. G., Hosmer, J., & Kappler, U. (2025) · Advances in microbial physiology/Advances in Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2025.07.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Natural Molecules, Nutraceuticals, and Engineered Nanosystems: A Comprehensive Strategy for Combating Gardnerella vaginalis-Induced Bacterial Vaginosis
Dalabehera, M., Alhudhaibi, A. M., Abdallah, E. M., Taha, T. H., Chaudhari, S., Kumari, A., Subudhi, R. N., & Rathore, C. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13102411 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Role of Cervicovaginal Microbiota and Probiotics in Modulating HPV Persistence and Preventing Cervical Cancer
Medina-Rivero, A. S., Ratkovich-González, S., Ruiz-Briseño, M. D. R., & Rosas‐González, V. C. (2025) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.5c00385 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Women's health is a team effort: probiogenomics supports the development of a multi-species vaginal probiotic
Calvanese, C. M., Valentino, V., De Prisco, A., Allesina, S., Amoruso, A., Deidda, F., Visciglia, A., Ercolini, D., Pane, M., & De Filippis, F. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-026-06107-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…the vaginal microbiome directly influences the risk of infections, reproductive microbiome, known as bacterial vaginosis (BV), is a com - mon issue, particularly in women during reproductive age, and it is often linked with the dominance of anaerobic bacteria and a reduction in Lactobacillus [6 ].”
The anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D on offspring brain development during pregnancy: critical review
Kozhevnikova, S. V., Elmes, M. J., Brameld, J. M., & Jethwa, P. H. (2025) · Academia Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.20935/acadnutr7573 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dietary Influence on Bacterial Vaginosis
Ram, D., Julakanti, P., Atiquzzaman, N. T., Nagy, S. S., Lin, A. Y., & Kesselman, M. M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.93506 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uncovering hidden connections: the role of the male reproductive system microbiome and gut microorganisms in implantation: a critical review
Jendraszak, M., & Andrusiewicz, M. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2025.2562894 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
What is the impact of the virome and mycobiome on female reproductive tract health? A systematic scoping review
Liu, Y., Liao, X., Chen, Q., Wang, H., & Dai, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1749584 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Staphylococcus hemolyticus as an emerging infectious agent in female genital and urinary tract: a narrative review
Faraj, R. K., Muhialdin, A. J., & Hussein, A. M. (2026) · Discover Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44337-026-00575-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Population‑Specific Diversity of Dominant Vaginal Lactobacillus Species in Healthy Iranian Women and Those with Vaginitis: A Molecular Case‑Control Study
Asadi, N., Yaslianifard, S., Hasheminejad, M., Qorbani, M., & Mohammadzadeh, M. (2026) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s586988 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lactobacillus Vaginal Tablets in Preventing Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Awasthi, Y., Bangar, S. D., Boopalan, D., Karuppiah, M., & Ponnaiah, M. (2026) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-026-11026-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Genome-scale metabolic modelling identifies vaginal microbiome members as potential probiotics
Glass, E. M., Kolling, G. L., & Papin, J. A. (2026) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-026-02380-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Harnessing Probiotics and Prebiotics for the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis
Nayana, A. R., & Keerthi, T. R. (2024) · Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia · doi:10.13005/bbra/3304 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Indexes of nonspecific immune protection of the vagina before and after treatment of bacterial vaginosis
Rakhmatullaeva, M. M. R. (2025) · Medical Immunology (Russia) · doi:10.15789/1563-0625-ion-3162 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diversity of the virulence genes of Gardnerella vaginalis isolates across the different bacterial vaginosis states in a South African pregnant cohort
Pillay, K., Durga, T., Mabaso, N. G., & Abbai, N. S. (2024) · Journal of Medical Laboratory Science & Technology of South Africa · doi:10.36303/jmlstsa.231
The impact of bacterial vaginosis on pregnancy
Pillay, K., Mabaso, N. G., & Abbai, N. S. (2024) · Journal of Medical Laboratory Science & Technology of South Africa · doi:10.36303/jmlstsa.172
A systems biology approach to evaluate potential probiotic candidates for women’s vaginal healthPreprint
Glass, E. M., Kolling, G. L., & Papin, J. A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659967
Microbiota fecal en el tratamiento de la vaginitis bacteriana recurrente. Revisión bibliográfica
Calero, A. E. J., & Sánchez, Y. M. B. (2025) · Anatomía Digital · doi:10.33262/anatomiadigital.v8i2.1.3437
Experiences and evidence of transfeminine people’s challenges with chronic, recurrent neovaginal malodor: a cross-sectional qualitative studyPreprint
Shouldice, A. C., Parmar, R., Wilcox, H., Ghafoor, A., Rojas-Vargas, J., Potter, E., Penava, D., Ravel, J., & Prodger, J. L. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7348971/v1
Epigenetic Regulation and Gene Expression Profiles in Cervical Swabs: Toward Non-Invasive Biomarkers of Cervical Lesion Progression
Kašubová, I., Horňáková, A., Kotulova, L., Rokos, T., Kolková, Z., Kapinová, A., Pribulová, T., Kozubík, E., Kalman, M., Biringer, K., et al. (2026) · Epigenomes · doi:10.3390/epigenomes10010002
Sialidase variability in Gardnerella : genetics, taxonomy, function, and clinical presentationPreprint
Vasse, M., Mayrhofer, N., Masete, K. V., Passmore, J.-A. S., Jean‐Pierre, H., Godreuil, S., Froissart, R., & Bravo, I. G. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698787
CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME IN WOMEN WITH VAGINAL DYSBIOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT
Panfil, A., Lurka, A., Pietruszewska, H., Kleszczewska, K., Pruska, A., Senatorska, N., Rarok, J., Godlewska, D., Banaszek, M., & Błocka, J. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4295
Analysis of risk factor microflora colonization on pregnancy vagina in Makassar
Fardi, Nur, R., & Dewi Hestiani, K. (2024) · JURNAL ILMIAH KESEHATAN SANDI HUSADA · doi:10.35816/jiksh.v13i2.358
Intervening at the microbial crossroads: targeting inflammation across the oral-gut-reproductive microbiome crosstalk in atherosclerosis
Saka, W. A., Oyedokun, P. A., Alade, T. A.-M., Oyeleke, B. T., Oyelaran, A. O., Oyedokun, M. D., Irozuoke, C. A., Olayemi, O. M., Oladepo, S., & Ndako, J. A. (2026) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/s10482-026-02349-z
The Microbiome–Mitochondria–Extracellular Vesicle Axis in HPV Persistence and Cervical Carcinogenesis
Moustakli, E., Makrydimas, S., Oikonomou, E. D., Nakou, A., Albani, E. N., & Zagorianakou, N. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17060655
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Authors: Mondal, A. S., Sharma, R., & Trivedi, N.
Affiliations: Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (IN)
Gujarat Biotechnology University (IN)
Corresponding author: Trivedi, Nitin
ORCID: Mondal, Arijit Sankar
Sharma, Ritu
Trivedi, Nitin
Venue: Medicine in Microecology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2023-06
Volume: 16
Pages: 100082
ISSN: 2590-0978 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2023.100082
OpenAlex: W4367319820
Cited by: 44
References: 248
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 1
FWCI: 8.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Medicine in Microecology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Urinary Tract Infections Management
Keywords: bacterial vaginosis, vaginal dysbiosis, Lactobacillus depletion, anaerobic bacteria, sexually transmitted infections, antibiotic resistance, vaginal microbiota, treatment regimens, diagnosis

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Bacterial vaginosis: A state of microbial dysbiosis

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