What is this thing called autism? A critical analysis of the tenacious search for autism's essence
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The neurodiversity paradigm's rejection of the species-norm is at odds with the widespread assumption that autism causes autistic distress to the extent that autistic individuals are inherently disposed to lower wellbeing compared to a neurotypical norm.
“as well as the widespread assumption noted by researchers (e.g., Bovell, 2015, p. 265;Verhoeff, 2012, p. 429) that autism causes autistic distress to the extent that autistic individuals are inherently disposed to lower wellbeing when compared to a neurotypical norm.”
From Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life (2022) · cites this paper as Verhoeff, 2012
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Wakefield, A., Murch, S., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A., Thomson, M., Harvey, P., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0 · Cited by 3,006 · see citing works
RetractedNetwork medicine: a network-based approach to human disease
Barabási, A.-L., Gulbahce, N., & Loscalzo, J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2918 · Cited by 5,034 · see citing works
Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01531288 · Cited by 2,587 · see citing works
The social motivation theory of autism
Chevallier, C., Kohls, G., Troiani, V., Brodkin, E. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.007 · Cited by 2,072 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Fombonne, E. (2009) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e31819e7203 · Cited by 1,971 · see citing works
Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology
Abrahams, B. S., & Geschwind, D. H. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2346 · Cited by 1,866 · see citing works
Prevalence of Parent-Reported Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children in the US, 2007
Kogan, M. D., Blumberg, S. J., Schieve, L. A., Boyle, C. A., Perrin, J. M., Ghandour, R. M., Singh, G. K., Strickland, B. B., Trevathan, E., & van Dyck, P. C. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1522 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood
Lichtenstein, P., Carlström, E., Råstam, M., Gillberg, C., & Anckarsäter, H. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020223 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Genetics of autism spectrum disorders
Geschwind, D. H. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.07.003 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Happé, F., & Ronald, A. (2008) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Sensitivity and specificity of proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder
McPartland, J. C., Reichow, B., & Volkmar, F. R. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.007 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
The Cerebral Subject and the Challenge of Neurodiversity
Ortega, F. (2009) · BioSocieties · doi:10.1017/s1745855209990287 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorders in the DSM-V: better or worse than the DSM-IV?
Wing, L., Gould, J., & Gillberg, C. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.11.003 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Review of neuroimaging in autism spectrum disorders: what have we learned and where we go from here
Anagnostou, E., & Taylor, M. J. (2011) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-2-4 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Annual research review: re-thinking the classification of autism spectrum disorders
Lord, C., & Jones, R. M. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02547.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Protein interactome reveals converging molecular pathways among autism disorders
Sakai, Y., Shaw, C. A., Dawson, B. C., Dugas, D. V., Al-Mohtaseb, Z., Hill, D. E., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002166 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Solving the Autism Puzzle a Few Pieces at a Time
Schaaf, C. P., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.025 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Criteria, categories, and continua: autism and related disorders in DSM-5
Happé, F. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.03.015 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Commentary from the DSM-5 Workgroup on Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Swedo, S. E., Baird, G., Cook, E. H., Happé, F. G., Harris, J. C., Kaufmann, W. E., King, B. H., Lord, C. E., Piven, J., Rogers, S. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.013 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life
Chapman, R., & Carel, H. (2022) · Journal of Social Philosophy · doi:10.1111/josp.12456 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Neurodiversity, Autism, and Psychiatric Disability: The Harmful Dysfunction Perspective
Wakefield, J. C., Wasserman, D., & Conrad, J. A. (2020) · The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Disability · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190622879.013.29 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Verhoeff, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Verhoeff, Berend
- Venue
- BioSocieties
- Published
- 2012-10-29
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 410-432
- ISSN
- 1745-8552 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-8560
- OpenAlex
- W2170412651
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- BioSocieties (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Rights and Representation
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, natural kinds, disease classification, history of autism, diagnosis, deviance, biological reductionism, neurodevelopmental disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
