The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Autism spectrum disorders are considered to be among the most heritable mental disorders, a notion based on surprisingly sparse data from small clinical studies. Population-based studies of the heritability of other neuropsychiatric disorders and comorbidities among them have also been sparse. The authors sought to address both of these issues. METHOD: Parents of all Swedish 9- and 12-year-old twin pairs born between 1992 and 2000 (N=10,895) were interviewed regarding autism spectrum disorders and associated conditions (response rate, 80%). Concordance rates and structural equation modeling were used for evaluating causes for familial aggregation and overlap between conditions. RESULTS: Monozygotic twins had higher concordance rates than dizygotic twins for autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental coordination disorder, and tic disorder. Genetic effects accounted for 80% (95% CI=29-91) of the variation in liability for autism spectrum disorders, 79% (95% CI=61-88) for ADHD, 70% (95% CI=35-83) for developmental coordination disorder, and 56% (95% CI=37-68) for tic disorder. Among monozygotic co-twins of children with autism spectrum disorders, the probability of having a diagnosis of ADHD was 44%, compared with 15% for dizygotic co-twins. Differences in cross-disorder effects between monozygotic and dizygotic twins were observed for most other comorbidities, and substantial proportions of the genetic variance for autism spectrum disorders was shared with each of the other disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Different neuropsychiatric disorders seem to have a common genetic etiology, suggesting caution in the use of diagnostic entities and proband status in efforts to uncover genes predisposing to autism spectrum disorders.
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Twin studies establish a genetic contribution to ASD.
“A genetic contribution is well established from twin studies (Bailey et al., 1995; Lichtenstein et al., 2010)”
From Multiple recurrent de novo CNVs, including duplications of the 7q11.23 Williams syndrome region, are strongly associated with autism (2011) · cites this paper as Lichtenstein et al., 2010
A total of 154 twin pairs had participated in RATSS as of September 2016, which includes 11.3% of all ASD discordant twins in Sweden in the specified age range.
“A total of 154 twin pairs had participated in RATSS as of September 2016, which includes 11.3% of all ASD discordant twins in Sweden in the specified age range13.”
From Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
RATSS includes 11.3% of all ASD discordant twins in Sweden in the specified age range.
“Currently, RATSS includes 11.3% of all ASD discordant twins in Sweden in the specified age range13.”
From Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Limitations of the study are a relatively small non-random sample, although the sample size was adequate to uncover significant associations after stringent statistical adjustments.
“Limitations of the study are a relatively small non-random sample, although the sample size was adequate to uncover significant associations after stringent statistical adjustments, and our twin sample represented a significant subsample (11.3%) of the total population of twins discordant for ASD in Sweden in the examined age range13.”
From Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Familial aggregation of autism is best explained by shared genes as opposed to shared environment.
“several twin studies have suggested that this aggregation within families is best explained by shared genes as opposed to shared environment”
From Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
Monozygotic twins have higher concordance rates than dizygotic twins for ASDs, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental coordination disorder, and tic disorder.
“One study showed that monozygotic twins had higher concordance rates than dizygotic twins for ASDs, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental coordination disorder, and tic disorder”
From Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
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“…recent study by Hallmayer et al. (2011), using a large, carefully ascertained ASDaffected twin sample, identified a substantial environmental contribution to ASD diagnosis (*58 %), although other studies have found minimal shared environmental effects (Bailey et al. 1995; Lichtenstein et al. 2010).”
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- Authors
- Lichtenstein, P., Carlström, E., Råstam, M., Gillberg, C., & Anckarsäter, H.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1357-1363
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1974467112
- Cited by
- 738
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 33.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, heritability, monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, concordance rate, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental coordination disorder, tic disorders, neuropsychiatric comorbidity, genetic susceptibility, familial aggregation
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Diseases in Twins, Female, Genotype, Humans, Learning Disabilities, Male, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Tic Disorders, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Genetic Variation, Comorbidity, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Motor Skills Disorders, Neurocognitive Disorders, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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