Re-Thinking Intersectionality

In the paper

“Second, intersectionality aspires to provide a vocabulary to respond to critiques of identity politics.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In the Introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw responds to a critique of identity politics by arguing that its problem is not difference itself, but its tendency to ignore differences within groups. She presents intersectionality as a way to account for those overlapping identities, supporting the citing sentence’s paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Crenshaw, 1991 source

In the paper

“intersectionality rejects the 'single-axis framework' often embraced by both feminist and anti-racist scholars, instead analysing 'y the various ways in which race and gender interact to shape the multiple dimensions of Black women's y experiences'”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Crenshaw, 1991 source

In the paper

“Finally, intersectionality invites scholars to come to terms with the legacy of exclusions of multiply marginalized subjects from feminist and anti-racist work, and the impact of those absences on both theory and practice”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989
• Supported

  In the Introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw says feminist and antiracist practices frequently overlook how racism and sexism intersect, marginalizing women of color in both discourses. The discussion of structural intersectionality (p. 3) shows a practical consequence: interventions based on other women’s experiences can fail to address the obstacles women of color face. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Crenshaw, 1991 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Williams, 1989

In the paper

“Crenshaw's articulation of intersectionality has galvanized an array of disciplines to consider questions of essentialism, exclusion, and complex identity in new ways.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction (pp. 1–2) articulates intersectionality through the exclusion of women of color from single-axis accounts of race and gender, and calls for attention to multiple grounds of identity. It does not establish the claim that this articulation subsequently galvanized an array of disciplines. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Crenshaw, 1991 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“For Crenshaw, it is the fixed mutually exclusive categorizations of race and gender that marginalize black women.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“Chang and Culp's query suggests the necessity of assessing whether intersectionality describes lived experiences of identity, and developing methodological tools that are sufficiently flexible to attend to the myriad intersections that constitute identity.”

In the paper

“That is, Crenshaw focuses on black women because they are 'multiply burdened', yet her analysis precludes an examination of forms of 'multiple burdens' (or the intersections of privileges and burdens) beyond race and gender.”

In the paper

“Ultimately, Crenshaw seeks to challenge law and radical critiques of law (i.e.feminist legal theory, critical race theory) to attend to the 'intersectional experiences of those whom the movements claim as their respective constituents'”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“These unresolved conflicts seep into feminist and anti-racist theory, practice, and politics, confusing their conceptions of identity and oppression, and obscuring the normative goals of their work.”

In the paper

“Only a regime that attends to the 'particular manner in which Black women are subordinated' can adequately redress black women's injuries.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“To that end, intersectionality has provided a name to a pre-existing theoretical and political commitment.”

In the paper

“Rather than importing models from the regimes they seek to disrupt, Crenshaw argues that these projects must begin their analytic endeavours by attending to the most disadvantaged.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“while intersectionality has worked to disrupt cumulative approaches to identity (i.e.race þ gender þ sexuality þ class¼complex identity), and to problematize social processes of categorization through strategic deployments of marginalized subjects' experiences, intersectional projects often replicate precisely the approaches that they critique.”

In the paper

“She argues: yI want to assert affirmatively to the legal academy and to ourselves as well, that we black women are more than 'multiply-burdened' entities subject to a multiplicity of oppression, discrimination, pain and depression.Our essence is also characterized by a multiplicity of strength, love, joy, (with a spin leap alive we're alive) and transcendence that flourishes despite adversity.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source

In the paper

“With little attention to the role that sexuality, nationality, or class, for example, might play in mediating or entrenching black women's experiences of 'burdens', black women function exclusively as sites that demonstrate the importance of race-and-gender, rendering black women's experiences the aggregate of race and gender.”

In the paper

“Wing's use of poetry is not simply to explain the 'multiplicative' nature of black women's experiences; poetry also exemplifies black women's particular relationship with the creative.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source

In the paper

“Crenshaw attacks the assumptions underpinning anti-discrimination law, arguing that black women are compelled to assert either race-based or gender-based discrimination claims instead of causes of action, which reflect their positions as intersectional subjects.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“She argues, 'We, as black women, can no longer afford to think of ourselves or let the law think of us as merely the sum of separate parts y .The actuality of our layered experience is multiplicative.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source

In the paper

“to argue that black women's experiences are 'multiplicative' or 'one times one'.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source

In the paper

“Despite intersectionality's theoretical dominance as a way of conceptualizing identity, a number of paradoxes embedded in its literature remain uninterrogated by feminist and anti-racist scholarship.”

In the paper

“This 'important theoretical contribution' has become the 'gold standard' multidisciplinary approach for analysing subjects' experiences of both identity and oppression.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, Crenshaw offers little attention to the ways in which race and gender function as social processes in distinctive ways for particular black women in varying historical moments.”

In the paper

“Crenshaw insists that simply adding black women to the existing regime will not remedy their marginalization”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“there has been little discussion of how to study intersectionality, that is, of its methodology”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source

In the paper

“Because law recognizes only race-or gender-based injuries, black women's injuries as black women cannot be wholly addressed by the existing doctrinal structure.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“Ultimately, intersectionality seeks to demonstrate the racial variation(s) within gender and the gendered variation(s) within race”

In the paper

“Crenshaw's conception of intersectionality, the idea that a 'yfocus on the most privileged group members marginalizes those who are multiply-burdened and obscures claims that cannot be understood as resulting from discrete sources of discrimination' has given politically progressive projects a way of describing both the simultaneity of multiple oppressions and the complexity of identity”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“Through nonobjective and often non-linear theoretical formations, intersectional scholars have been able to articulate the often ignored injuries of the 'spirit-murder' (Williams, 1989) of 'racism/sexism' (Wing, 1990).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Williams, 1989
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source

In the paper

“Intersectionality's relative inattention to methodology has been explained by the difficulty of crafting a method adequately attentive to 'ythe complexity that arises when the subject of analysis expands to include multiple dimensions of social life and categories of analysis'”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source

In the paper

“McCall's analytic frameworks highlight a tremendous gap between conceptions of intersectional methodology and practices of intersectional investigations.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source

In the paper

“Robert Chang and Jerome McCristal Culp, Jr. highlight the methodological murkiness of intersectionality querying 'How does one pay attention to the points of intersection?How many intersections are there?Is the idea of an intersection the right analogy?'”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Chang and Culp, 2002

In the paper

“McCall analyses three distinct intersectional methodologies, each with theoretical and practical shortcomings and benefits.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source

In the paper

“Adrien Wing's work exemplifies the reliance on literary devices to describe black women's experiences.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source

In the paper

“It is precisely because intersectionality is now 'a leading feminist paradigm' with expansive interdisciplinary reach that it is a critical moment to engage with its contradictions, absences, and murkiness”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zack, 2005

In the paper

“Yet despite the methodological challenges of complex analyses, some scholars have worked to develop various tools that can be used to craft an intersectional methodology.”

In the paper

“While the use of poetry as a mechanism for disrupting logocentrism is a convention of feminist theory, and the use of narrative is a conventional critical race tool for dislodging law's claims of objectivity, the deployment of poetry as the primary vehicle for evoking the experiences of marginalized subjects suggests a shortcoming in the methodological orientation of intersectional theory.”

In the paper

“While some scholars have reified cumulative notions of identity, others have used poetry (Wing, 1990), narrative (Williams, 1989), and standpoint epistemology (Matsuda, 1987) as a method for disrupting race-or-gender logic.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Williams, 1989
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Matsuda, 1987

In the paper

“Because 'black women are theoretically erased', centring black women's experiences makes feminism and anti-racist work's systematic inattention to black women apparent and demonstrates the necessity of deepening feminist and anti-racist conversations (Crenshaw, 1989: 139).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“While the 'logic of the trial' enables scholars to locate the racist and sexist practices that undergird seemingly neutral and objective sites (like law), it also tends to ignore the mechanisms through which domination operates, proliferates, and entrenches itself (Wacquant, 1997).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Wacquant, 1997

In the paper

“This unresolved theoretical dispute makes it unclear whether intersectionality is a theory of marginalized subjectivity or a generalized theory of identity.”

In the paper

“To that end, black women's experiences are used as a theoretical wedge, designed to demonstrate the shortcomings of conventional feminist and anti-racist work.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crenshaw, 1989

In the paper

“In particular, it suggests that the project has yet to produce a mechanism for systematically articulating, aggregating, or examining the 'multiple levels of consciousness' that form the basis of their study of subjectivity”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source

In the paper

“Simply identifying particular intersections as undertheorized or unacknowledged is only the first step in a larger theoretical and political project, which intersectionality has yet to articulate with specificity.”

In the paper

“Matsuda's intervention demonstrates the interconnections of forms of subordination, yet gestures toward the tendency of intersectional theorists to ignore the intimate connections between privilege and oppression.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Matsuda, 1990

In the paper

“Her framework underscores the ways in which patriarchy, racism, and heterosexism buttress each other, but ignores the ways in which subjects might be both victimized by patriarchy and privileged by race (it also ignores the ways in which subjects might take pleasure in some of the trappings of patriarchal power) in particular social, cultural, historical, and political moments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Matsuda, 1990

In the paper

“That is, black women enable scholars to 'ask the other question', to expose the spectres of racism and sexism, which leave their traces even in progressive analyses (Matsuda, 1987).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Matsuda, 1987

In the paper

“Furthermore, it suggests that there is something poetic about black women's experiences of both identity and oppression, and that black women are inherently resilient subjects who retain an innate creativity even in the midst of the opposition that a patriarchal white-dominated culture produces.”

In the paper

“Kwan's intervention suggests that intersectionality has generally been opposed to imagining non-multiply marginalized subjects as central to its theoretical and political project, particularly because of its investment in 'recovering' marginalized subjects' voices and experiences.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kwan, 1996

In the paper

“Generally, intersectional literature has excluded an examination of identities that are imagined as either wholly or even partially privileged, although those identities, like all identities, are always constituted by the intersections of multiple vectors of power.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kwan, 1996

In the paper

“These assertions, while useful for problematizing the notion that black women's experiences can be reduced solely to marginalization, ultimately romanticize and idealize positions of social subordination and reinstall conceptions that black women's bodies are sites of 'strength' and 'transcendence' rather than complex spaces of multiple meanings.”

In the paper

“In particular, intersectionality has yet to contend with whether its theory explains or describes the processes and mechanisms by which subjects mobilize (or choose not to mobilize) particular aspects of their identities in particular circumstances.”

In the paper

“Now that intersectionality itself has become an institutionalized intellectual project, and the dominant tool for excavating the voices of the marginalized, it is incumbent upon intersectional scholars to critically interrogate the goals of the intersectional project as they determine how to chart the future of this theoretical and political movement.”

In the paper

“Yet neither of these projects has assessed or theorized the repercussions of conceptualizing of identity as 'symbiotically, cosynthetically, multidimensionally, or interconnectedly' formed.”

In the paper

“In particular, black feminism imagines black women's subjectivities as an inherent disloyalty to race-or-gender thinking and marshals black women's stories, experiences, and narratives as a way of continuously and strategically jamming the workings of binary thinking.”