The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Re-Thinking Intersectionality
Open accessAbstract
Black feminist and legal studies scholar Jennifer C. Nash asks us to think critically about what has become the discourse and theory most commonly connected to feminism: intersectionality. As Nash puts it, intersectionality is now “the primary analytic tool that feminist and anti-racist scholars deploy for theorizing identity and oppression” (2008, 1). Nash outlines the limits to what she describes as the murky theory of intersectionality, including (1) the lack of a defined intersectional methodology (that is, how we do intersectionality); (2) the use of Black women as quintessential intersectional subjects; and (3) the vague definition of intersectionality. While intersectionality often gets deployed to talk about an individual’s race, class, and gender—which is often reduced to identity—Nash says we need to move beyond such understandings so that we can focus on racism, classism, sexism, and other forms of marginalization as interrelated forms of structural oppression.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Nash interrogates the assumptions underlying intersectionality as a feminist and anti-racist analytic, arguing that four unresolved tensions leave the paradigm theoretically and methodologically murky. She frames the critique as a constructive invitation to strengthen intersectionality rather than to abandon it.
Key findings
- Nash identifies four unresolved tensions in intersectionality scholarship: the absence of a clearly defined intersectional methodology, the treatment of black women as the quintessential intersectional subject, the vagueness of the term's definition, and the question of whether the theory matches lived experience.
- She argues that intersectional work often reproduces the cumulative logic it criticizes: Crenshaw's anti-discrimination analysis, while showing that black women's injuries exceed race-or-gender categories, still treats black women's identities as constituted only by race and gender, leaving class, sexuality, nationality, and ethnicity largely unexamined.
- The reliance on black women as a theoretical wedge treats them as a monolithic group and obscures differences among them; Nash also contends that intersectionality largely renames commitments already present in black feminism without specifying what new analytic tools it adds.
- She notes an unresolved dispute over scope — whether all identities are intersectional or only multiply marginalized ones — citing Kwan's observation that straight white male identity would likely be resisted as intersectional, against Zack's claim that all women are intersectional subjects.
- Nash calls for attention to how privilege and oppression are co-constituted within a single subject, and for treating race and gender as distinct, historically specific processes rather than as inextricably fused.
Methods
- Conceptual and theoretical essay; no empirical data collection or sample. The argument proceeds through close reading and critique of key texts in intersectionality and critical race scholarship.
- Draws on McCall's three intersectional methodologies — anticategorical, intracategorical, and intercategorical complexity — to show the gap between methodological prescription and actual intersectional practice.
- Engages primarily with Crenshaw, alongside Wing, Williams, Matsuda, Kwan, Zack, Walcott, and Wacquant, to illustrate the paradoxes Nash identifies.
Limitations
- Nash states explicitly that her aim is not to dismantle intersectionality but to expose its assumptions so scholars can build a more complex account of identity and oppression; she presents questions and challenges rather than a replacement framework.
- Evident from the text: the critique rests on a limited set of canonical sources and offers no empirical test of the claims about lived experience, which Nash herself flags as an open question for the field.
- Evident from the text: the essay diagnoses the missing methodology and theory of agency without supplying either, leaving the constructive program largely programmatic.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
7 of 50 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“First, while seeking to underscore problems of exclusion within feminist and anti-racist theory, black women are treated as a unitary and monolithic entity.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Crenshaw, 1991 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the Introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw criticizes identity politics for ignoring differences within groups. She explicitly says intersectionality is not a totalizing theory of identity and calls for attention to class, sexuality, and other dimensions of experience. That contradicts the claim that her approach treats Black women as a unitary, monolithic group. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Disputed
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“For example, Crenshaw's seminal analysis of the ways in which black women's experiences of sexual assault and domestic violence are mediated by both race and gender neglects the ways in which these experiences are also complicated by class, nationality, language, ethnicity, and sexuality.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Crenshaw, 1991 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (pp. 1–2) says the analysis focuses on race and gender and acknowledges that sexuality receives limited or no treatment. But the Structural Intersectionality and Battering section (pp. 2–3) expressly analyzes class and explains how immigrant status and cultural barriers compound vulnerability to domestic violence. The claim that the paper neglects these dimensions is therefore contrary to our copy, even though its treatment of sexuality is limited. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“From its inception, intersectionality has had a long-standing interest in one particular intersection: the intersection of race and gender.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crenshaw, 1991 source
In the Introduction (p. 2), Crenshaw says she used intersectionality in an earlier article to describe how race and gender interact in Black women's experiences, and that this paper builds on those observations. She explicitly identifies race and gender as her focus here, while noting that other dimensions also matter. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
In the paper
“Intersectionality has become the primary analytic tool that feminist and anti-racist scholars deploy for theorizing identity and oppression.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While Crenshaw endeavours to use black women's incapacity to comply with race/ gender categories to demonstrate the inadequacy of the categories themselves, her argument shores up the conception that black women's identities are constituted exclusively by race and gender.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the notion that identity is formed by interlocking and mutually reinforcing vectors of race, gender, class, and sexuality has pervaded black feminist scholarship for decades.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Davis, 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moraga, 1983
- Not matchedcites Smith, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, it subverts race/gender binaries in the service of theorizing identity in a more complex fashion.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The re-creation of cumulative conceptions of identity is most apparent in Crenshaw's seminal critique of anti-discrimination law.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, black women's race and gender are treated as trans-historical constants that mark all black women in similar ways.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intersectionality's reliance on black women as the basis for its claims to complex subjectivity renders black women prototypical intersectional subjects whose experiences of marginality are imagined to provide a theoretical value-added.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Matsuda, 1987
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 48
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Second, intersectionality aspires to provide a vocabulary to respond to critiques of identity politics.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crenshaw, 1991 source
In the Introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw responds to a critique of identity politics by arguing that its problem is not difference itself, but its tendency to ignore differences within groups. She presents intersectionality as a way to account for those overlapping identities, supporting the citing sentence’s paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“intersectionality rejects the 'single-axis framework' often embraced by both feminist and anti-racist scholars, instead analysing 'y the various ways in which race and gender interact to shape the multiple dimensions of Black women's y experiences'”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crenshaw, 1991 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Finally, intersectionality invites scholars to come to terms with the legacy of exclusions of multiply marginalized subjects from feminist and anti-racist work, and the impact of those absences on both theory and practice”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Crenshaw, 1991 source
In the Introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw says feminist and antiracist practices frequently overlook how racism and sexism intersect, marginalizing women of color in both discourses. The discussion of structural intersectionality (p. 3) shows a practical consequence: interventions based on other women’s experiences can fail to address the obstacles women of color face. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites Williams, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Crenshaw's articulation of intersectionality has galvanized an array of disciplines to consider questions of essentialism, exclusion, and complex identity in new ways.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > the 'so what' question(s): theoretical advances for a new intersectionality
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Crenshaw, 1991 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (pp. 1–2) articulates intersectionality through the exclusion of women of color from single-axis accounts of race and gender, and calls for attention to multiple grounds of identity. It does not establish the claim that this articulation subsequently galvanized an array of disciplines. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“For Crenshaw, it is the fixed mutually exclusive categorizations of race and gender that marginalize black women.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chang and Culp's query suggests the necessity of assessing whether intersectionality describes lived experiences of identity, and developing methodological tools that are sufficiently flexible to attend to the myriad intersections that constitute identity.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > on methodology and the theoretical primacy of black women theories of intersectional methodology
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, Crenshaw focuses on black women because they are 'multiply burdened', yet her analysis precludes an examination of forms of 'multiple burdens' (or the intersections of privileges and burdens) beyond race and gender.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ultimately, Crenshaw seeks to challenge law and radical critiques of law (i.e.feminist legal theory, critical race theory) to attend to the 'intersectional experiences of those whom the movements claim as their respective constituents'”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These unresolved conflicts seep into feminist and anti-racist theory, practice, and politics, confusing their conceptions of identity and oppression, and obscuring the normative goals of their work.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only a regime that attends to the 'particular manner in which Black women are subordinated' can adequately redress black women's injuries.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To that end, intersectionality has provided a name to a pre-existing theoretical and political commitment.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rather than importing models from the regimes they seek to disrupt, Crenshaw argues that these projects must begin their analytic endeavours by attending to the most disadvantaged.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while intersectionality has worked to disrupt cumulative approaches to identity (i.e.race þ gender þ sexuality þ class¼complex identity), and to problematize social processes of categorization through strategic deployments of marginalized subjects' experiences, intersectional projects often replicate precisely the approaches that they critique.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“She argues: yI want to assert affirmatively to the legal academy and to ourselves as well, that we black women are more than 'multiply-burdened' entities subject to a multiplicity of oppression, discrimination, pain and depression.Our essence is also characterized by a multiplicity of strength, love, joy, (with a spin leap alive we're alive) and transcendence that flourishes despite adversity.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With little attention to the role that sexuality, nationality, or class, for example, might play in mediating or entrenching black women's experiences of 'burdens', black women function exclusively as sites that demonstrate the importance of race-and-gender, rendering black women's experiences the aggregate of race and gender.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wing's use of poetry is not simply to explain the 'multiplicative' nature of black women's experiences; poetry also exemplifies black women's particular relationship with the creative.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Crenshaw attacks the assumptions underpinning anti-discrimination law, arguing that black women are compelled to assert either race-based or gender-based discrimination claims instead of causes of action, which reflect their positions as intersectional subjects.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“She argues, 'We, as black women, can no longer afford to think of ourselves or let the law think of us as merely the sum of separate parts y .The actuality of our layered experience is multiplicative.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“to argue that black women's experiences are 'multiplicative' or 'one times one'.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite intersectionality's theoretical dominance as a way of conceptualizing identity, a number of paradoxes embedded in its literature remain uninterrogated by feminist and anti-racist scholarship.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This 'important theoretical contribution' has become the 'gold standard' multidisciplinary approach for analysing subjects' experiences of both identity and oppression.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Crenshaw offers little attention to the ways in which race and gender function as social processes in distinctive ways for particular black women in varying historical moments.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Crenshaw insists that simply adding black women to the existing regime will not remedy their marginalization”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“there has been little discussion of how to study intersectionality, that is, of its methodology”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > on methodology and the theoretical primacy of black women theories of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Because law recognizes only race-or gender-based injuries, black women's injuries as black women cannot be wholly addressed by the existing doctrinal structure.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, intersectionality seeks to demonstrate the racial variation(s) within gender and the gendered variation(s) within race”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Crenshaw's conception of intersectionality, the idea that a 'yfocus on the most privileged group members marginalizes those who are multiply-burdened and obscures claims that cannot be understood as resulting from discrete sources of discrimination' has given politically progressive projects a way of describing both the simultaneity of multiple oppressions and the complexity of identity”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > on methodology and the theoretical primacy of black women theories of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Through nonobjective and often non-linear theoretical formations, intersectional scholars have been able to articulate the often ignored injuries of the 'spirit-murder' (Williams, 1989) of 'racism/sexism' (Wing, 1990).”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Williams, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Intersectionality's relative inattention to methodology has been explained by the difficulty of crafting a method adequately attentive to 'ythe complexity that arises when the subject of analysis expands to include multiple dimensions of social life and categories of analysis'”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > on methodology and the theoretical primacy of black women theories of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“McCall's analytic frameworks highlight a tremendous gap between conceptions of intersectional methodology and practices of intersectional investigations.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Robert Chang and Jerome McCristal Culp, Jr. highlight the methodological murkiness of intersectionality querying 'How does one pay attention to the points of intersection?How many intersections are there?Is the idea of an intersection the right analogy?'”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > on methodology and the theoretical primacy of black women theories of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chang and Culp, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“McCall analyses three distinct intersectional methodologies, each with theoretical and practical shortcomings and benefits.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > on methodology and the theoretical primacy of black women theories of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall, 2005 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Adrien Wing's work exemplifies the reliance on literary devices to describe black women's experiences.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is precisely because intersectionality is now 'a leading feminist paradigm' with expansive interdisciplinary reach that it is a critical moment to engage with its contradictions, absences, and murkiness”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zack, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet despite the methodological challenges of complex analyses, some scholars have worked to develop various tools that can be used to craft an intersectional methodology.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > on methodology and the theoretical primacy of black women theories of intersectional methodology
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the use of poetry as a mechanism for disrupting logocentrism is a convention of feminist theory, and the use of narrative is a conventional critical race tool for dislodging law's claims of objectivity, the deployment of poetry as the primary vehicle for evoking the experiences of marginalized subjects suggests a shortcoming in the methodological orientation of intersectional theory.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While some scholars have reified cumulative notions of identity, others have used poetry (Wing, 1990), narrative (Williams, 1989), and standpoint epistemology (Matsuda, 1987) as a method for disrupting race-or-gender logic.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
- Not matchedcites Williams, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Matsuda, 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because 'black women are theoretically erased', centring black women's experiences makes feminism and anti-racist work's systematic inattention to black women apparent and demonstrates the necessity of deepening feminist and anti-racist conversations (Crenshaw, 1989: 139).”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“While the 'logic of the trial' enables scholars to locate the racist and sexist practices that undergird seemingly neutral and objective sites (like law), it also tends to ignore the mechanisms through which domination operates, proliferates, and entrenches itself (Wacquant, 1997).”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > the 'so what' question(s): theoretical advances for a new intersectionality
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wacquant, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This unresolved theoretical dispute makes it unclear whether intersectionality is a theory of marginalized subjectivity or a generalized theory of identity.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > who is intersectional?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“To that end, black women's experiences are used as a theoretical wedge, designed to demonstrate the shortcomings of conventional feminist and anti-racist work.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crenshaw, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In particular, it suggests that the project has yet to produce a mechanism for systematically articulating, aggregating, or examining the 'multiple levels of consciousness' that form the basis of their study of subjectivity”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wing, 1990 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simply identifying particular intersections as undertheorized or unacknowledged is only the first step in a larger theoretical and political project, which intersectionality has yet to articulate with specificity.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > the 'so what' question(s): theoretical advances for a new intersectionality
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Matsuda's intervention demonstrates the interconnections of forms of subordination, yet gestures toward the tendency of intersectional theorists to ignore the intimate connections between privilege and oppression.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > the 'so what' question(s): theoretical advances for a new intersectionality
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Matsuda, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Her framework underscores the ways in which patriarchy, racism, and heterosexism buttress each other, but ignores the ways in which subjects might be both victimized by patriarchy and privileged by race (it also ignores the ways in which subjects might take pleasure in some of the trappings of patriarchal power) in particular social, cultural, historical, and political moments.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > the 'so what' question(s): theoretical advances for a new intersectionality
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Matsuda, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“That is, black women enable scholars to 'ask the other question', to expose the spectres of racism and sexism, which leave their traces even in progressive analyses (Matsuda, 1987).”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Matsuda, 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it suggests that there is something poetic about black women's experiences of both identity and oppression, and that black women are inherently resilient subjects who retain an innate creativity even in the midst of the opposition that a patriarchal white-dominated culture produces.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kwan's intervention suggests that intersectionality has generally been opposed to imagining non-multiply marginalized subjects as central to its theoretical and political project, particularly because of its investment in 'recovering' marginalized subjects' voices and experiences.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > who is intersectional?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kwan, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Generally, intersectional literature has excluded an examination of identities that are imagined as either wholly or even partially privileged, although those identities, like all identities, are always constituted by the intersections of multiple vectors of power.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > who is intersectional?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kwan, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These assertions, while useful for problematizing the notion that black women's experiences can be reduced solely to marginalization, ultimately romanticize and idealize positions of social subordination and reinstall conceptions that black women's bodies are sites of 'strength' and 'transcendence' rather than complex spaces of multiple meanings.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, intersectionality has yet to contend with whether its theory explains or describes the processes and mechanisms by which subjects mobilize (or choose not to mobilize) particular aspects of their identities in particular circumstances.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > processes of identity formation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Now that intersectionality itself has become an institutionalized intellectual project, and the dominant tool for excavating the voices of the marginalized, it is incumbent upon intersectional scholars to critically interrogate the goals of the intersectional project as they determine how to chart the future of this theoretical and political movement.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > the 'so what' question(s): theoretical advances for a new intersectionality
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet neither of these projects has assessed or theorized the repercussions of conceptualizing of identity as 'symbiotically, cosynthetically, multidimensionally, or interconnectedly' formed.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > the 'so what' question(s): theoretical advances for a new intersectionality
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, black feminism imagines black women's subjectivities as an inherent disloyalty to race-or-gender thinking and marshals black women's stories, experiences, and narratives as a way of continuously and strategically jamming the workings of binary thinking.”
§ 89 re-thinking intersectionality > practices of intersectional methodology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intersectionality has been increasingly adopted as an analytical framework in different fields, ranging from gender and feminist studies (Ahmed, 2017;Nash, 2008;Shields, 2008), and psychology (Cole, 2009), to organizational studies (Acker, 2006).”
From Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity (2022) · cites this paper as Nash, 2008
Citations
Cites
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229039 · Cited by 32,792
Crenshaw, K. (2018) · Feminist Legal Theory · doi:10.4324/9780429500480-5 · Cited by 9,510
The Complexity of Intersectionality
McCall, L. (2005) · Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society · doi:10.1086/426800 · Cited by 6,682
(2024) · doi:10.4135/9781529691627 · Cited by 1,830
Inessential woman: problems of exclusion in feminist thought
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5715 · Cited by 1,606
Hill Collins, P. (2002) · Routledge · doi:10.4324/9780203900055 · Cited by 1,532
Harvard Civil Rights: Civil Liberties Law Review
Alday, R. E. (1993) · Derechos y libertades: Revista de Filosofía del Derecho y derechos humanos · Cited by 1,436
The alchemy of race and rights
Munster, A. (1992) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(92)90026-6 · Cited by 1,280
Anderson, K., & Davis, A. Y. (1982) · The Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1903191 · Cited by 1,087
African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race
Higginbotham, E. B. (1992) · Signs · doi:10.1086/494730 · Cited by 966
The Alchemy of Race and Rights
Williams, P. J. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 741
Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory
Harris, A. P. (1990) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1228886 · Cited by 740
(1987) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 600
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-4021 · Cited by 536
Home girls : a black feminist anthology
Smith, B. (1984) · Black American Literature Forum · doi:10.2307/2904298 · Cited by 532
Collins, P. H. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315831824 · Cited by 459
Decentering the center : philosophy for a multicultural, postcolonial, and feminist world
Narayan, U., & Harding, S. (2000) · Cited by 414
Beside My Sister, Facing the Enemy: Legal Theory out of Coalition
Matsuda, M. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229035 · Cited by 379
(1983) · Cited by 276
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. W., & Bonis, O. (2005) · Cited by 256
(2005) · Cited by 174
When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method
Matsuda, M. (1989) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 165
Brief Reflections toward a Multiplicative Theory and Praxis of Being
Wing, A. K. (1990) · Berkeley Journal of Gender Law & Justice · doi:10.15779/z38557j · Cited by 73
Ferguson, A. (1998) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01372.x · Cited by 71
In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens
WALKER, A. (2021) · Demeter Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1s2t0hn.7 · Cited by 64
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Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond
Churchill, M. F., & Howard, L. P. (1997) · MELUS Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States · doi:10.2307/467664 · Cited by 11
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Chang R.S., 2002, University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review, 71, 485
- Crenshaw K., 1992, Raceing Justice, Engendering Power
- Kwan P., 1996, Hastings Law Journal, 48, 1257
- Matsuda M., 1992, Women's Rights Law Reporter, 14, 297
- Wacquant L., 1997, Political Power and Social Theory II, 221
- Wing A.K., 1990, Berkeley Women's Law Journal, 6, 181
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis
Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013) · Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society · doi:10.1086/669608 · Cited by 4,126
Bowleg, L. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300750 · Cited by 2,996
On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models
Bommasani, R., Hudson, D. A., Adeli, E., Altman, R., Arora, S., von Arx, S., Bernstein, M. S., Bohg, J., Bosselut, A., Brunskill, E., et al. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.07258 · Cited by 2,676
Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas
Collins, P. H. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142 · Cited by 2,419
Bauer, G. R. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022 · Cited by 1,776
Metadata
- Authors
- Nash, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nash, Jennifer C.
- ORCID
- Nash, Jennifer C.
- Venue
- Feminist Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 0141-7789 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-4380
- OpenAlex
- W2102167286
- Cited by
- 1,995
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 202 · 2020: 184 · 2019: 180 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 57.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- philarchive.org
- Locations
- Feminist Review (publishedVersion)
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminist Theory and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminism, Gender, and Sexuality Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- intersectionality, critique of intersectionality, Black feminism, systemic oppression, racism, classism, sexism, marginalization, identity, anti-racism, Black women, feminist theory, race, class, and gender
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