The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The business model concept: theoretical underpinnings and empirical illustrations
Abstract
The business model concept is becoming increasingly popular within IS, management and strategy literature. It is used within many fields of research, including both traditional strategy theory and in the emergent body of literature on e-business. However, the concept is often used independently from theory, meaning model components and their interrelations are relatively obscure. Nonetheless, we believe that the business model concept is useful in explaining the relation between IS and strategy. This paper offers an outline for a conceptual business model, and proposes that it should include customers and competitors, the offering, activities and organisation, resources and factor market interactions. The causal inter-relations and the longitudinal processes by which business models evolve should also be included. The model criticises yet draws on traditional strategy theory and on the literature that addresses business models directly. The business model is illustrated by an ERP implementation in a European multi-national company.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The relationship between BMs and strategy has long been debated (Hedman & Kalling, 2003;Seddon, Lewis, Freeman, & Shanks, 2004).”
From Digitalization, business models, and SMEs: How do business model innovation practices improve performance of digitalizing SMEs? (2019) · cites this paper as Hedman & Kalling, 2003
In the citing paper
“We follow the view that strategy needs to be implemented in the business logic as a first step in the BMI process.”
From Digitalization, business models, and SMEs: How do business model innovation practices improve performance of digitalizing SMEs? (2019) · cites this paper as Hedman & Kalling, 2003
Citations
Cites
Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage
Barney, J. (1991) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639101700108 · Cited by 48,334
(1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92216-0 · Cited by 46,726
Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage
Barney, J. B. (2004) · Advances in strategic management · doi:10.1016/s0742-3322(00)17018-4 · Cited by 38,216
A resource‐based view of the firm
Wernerfelt, B. (1984) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250050207 · Cited by 25,635
The Theory of Economic Development
Schumpeter, J. A., & Backhaus, U. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48082-4_3 · Cited by 22,757
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy
Fukuyama, F., & Schumpeter, J. A. (1997) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20048211 · Cited by 15,349
The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource‐based view
Peteraf, M. A. (1993) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250140303 · Cited by 10,743
Strategic assets and organizational rent
Amit, R., & Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1993) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250140105 · Cited by 8,425
Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage
Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. (1989) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.35.12.1504 · Cited by 8,353
Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review
Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/4132319 · Cited by 7,449
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Cherian E, 2001, Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Information Technology Evaluation, 171
- D'aveni R, 1994, The Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering
- Gibson CF, 1974, Harvard Business Review, 52, 76
- Mcfarlan FW, 1984, Harvard Business Review, 62, 98
- Nolan RL, 1979, Harvard Business Review, 57, 115
- Porter ME, 1980, Competitive Strategy
- Porter ME, 2001, Harvard Business Review, 79, 63
- Porter ME, 1985, Harvard Business Review, 63, 149
- Quinn JB, 1978, Sloan Management Review, 20, 7
- Sanchez R, 1997, Competence-Based Strategic Management
- Sambamurthy V, 2000, Framing the Domains of IT Management: Projecting the Future Through the Past, 245
- Weill P, 2001, Place to Space
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 911
GENESIS VIEWS OF EVOLUTION BUSINESS MODEL CONCEPT AND STRUCTURE
Лісова, Р. (2020) · Economic scope · doi:10.32782/2224-6282/159-17 · Cited by 1
Using Business Models beyond Business
Kavvadia, H. (2021) · World Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5296/wjbm.v7i1.18137 · Cited by 1
Business Model Elements for Industrialised Building System
Mohamed, M. R., Mohammad, M. F., & Mahbub, R. (2021) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i4/9687 · Cited by 1
Ardhana, A. R., Salminah, M., Junaidah, & Fauzi, H. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/917/1/012035 · Cited by 1
Relating business modelling and enterprise architecture
Meertens, L. O. (2013) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036512091 · Cited by 1
An Approach for Enterprise Architecture and Business Model Alignment
Rahmati, P. (2013) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) · Cited by 1
Combining Critical Success Factors and Life Cycle Model to Enable Evaluation of e-business models
Horsti, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-39229-5_28 · Cited by 1
The Role of IT in the Formation of a Company's Offering - A Framework for Empirical Analysis
Penttinen, E., & Rajala, R. (2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 1
Crm: Software as a Service Versus On-Premise - Benefits and Drawbacks
Ratametha, T., & Veeragandham, M. (2009) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University) · Cited by 1
Analysing Business Models for the Open Source Industry: a Research Proposal
Braccini, A. M. (2008) · LUISSThesis - Open Archive · Cited by 1
Customer participation in business model innovation
Lukkaroinen, S. (2014) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 1
Shaw, D. (2008) · Cited by 1
Business model reinvention for enabling disruptive innovation
Habtay, S. R. (2011) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 1
BUSINESS MODEL ANALYSIS ON ANDROID APP STORES
Heikkinen, L. (2013) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 1
Modelo de negócio para mobilidade e interatividade em ambientes convergentes heterogêneos
Politécnica, E. (2006) · Cited by 1
Business models for newspapers in a digital world
Barclay, A. N. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Methlie, L. B., & Haugland, S. A. (2011) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) · Cited by 1
Innovation in e-Business Models: a Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle (NEBIC) Theory Perspective
Basiouni, A. F. (2012) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 1
Integrated Business Modelling for Developing Digital Internationalising Firms in Nigeria
Ochinanwata, N. (2019) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00169 · Cited by 1
da Silva, A. K. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.12.2019.tde-31052019-154904 · Cited by 1
Ţîțu, A. M., & Cozmiuc, D. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1352.v1
Business Models within Ecosystems: A Theory Based on Open System LogicPreprint
Chen, X. E. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4687859 · Cited by 1
The Social Media Revolution. Strategies and Attitudes towards the Rise of an Enabling TechnologyPreprint
Casprini, E., & Minin, A. D. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Modele biznesu małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw
Rogoda, B. (2011) · Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Ekonomiczna w Krakowie
Clark, T. J. (2010) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Madian, A. C. (2015) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)
Hybrydowe modele biznesu w sektorach kreatywnych i ich funkcja ekonomiczna
Rogoda, B. (2012) · Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług
Joyce, P., & Winch, G. W. (2004) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology)
Public Private Business Models for Defence Acquisition
Ekström, T. (2014)
The Business Models for Sustainability Innovation FrameworkPreprint
Lüdeke‐Freund, F. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2378227
Chen, M. K., & Wang, S. (2009) · Advanced concurrent engineering · doi:10.1007/978-1-84882-762-2_68
유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 기반의 비즈니스 모델에 관한 연구:연구 분석 프레임워크 수립 및 실증 분석
Hwang, K. T., Kim, K. J., & 신봉식 (2005) · Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
h3 gourmet: great to go upmarket, but are people willing to pay for the difference?
Carvalho, J. D., da Silva, R., & Alwi, S. S. (2014) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)
Model biznesu a strategia przedsiębiorstwa - zakres znaczeniowy i układ relacji
Rogoda, B. (2012) · Krakow Review of Economics and Management/Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
Towards a Business Model that promotes Sustainable Solutions
Öberg, A., & Andén, K. (2015) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Kommersiell och strategisk syn på mjukvaruuppdateringar av inbyggda system inom fordonsindustrin
Johansson, P., & Larsson, M. (2009) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Kijl, B., & Boersma, D. (2010) · High Technology Small Firms Conference and Doctoral Workshop (HTSF) · doi:10.3990/1.268486796
Exploring the Dynamics of the Wind Energy Industry
Pataci, H., Danilovic, M., Liu, L., Hoveskog, M., & Halila, F. (2015) · Hogskolan Ihalmstad (Halmstad University)
Developing Ubiquitous Computing Service Model for the Waste Management at the Convention Center
Ryoo, S.-Y., Kim, K., Chang, H., & Lee, C. (2009) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2009.9.1.312
Linking business model and strategy on market performance in Taiwan's e-brokerage business
Ding, M. C., Wu, K. W., Huang, S. Y., & Liu, S. W. (2010) · International Journal of Electronic Customer Relationship Management · doi:10.1504/ijecrm.2010.035968
A Development of Service Systems Model from Business Model Approach
Yim, M.-S., Jeong, T.-S., & Moon, Y.-E. (2010) · The Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.5859/kais.2010.19.4.001
The critical success factors for websites for Chinese migrant farmer workers
Wang, F., & Gu, L. (2012) · International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance · doi:10.1145/2463728.2463751
Eurich, M., & Boutellier, R. (2014) · International Conference on e-Business · doi:10.5220/0005050801010110
INOVAÇÃO DE MODELO DE NEGÓCIOS EM UMA EMPRESA DE BIOTECNOLOGIA AGRÍCOLA
Figueira, M., Zambalde, A. L., & Sugano, J. Y. (2011) · RAI revista de administração e inovação · doi:10.5773/rai.v8i2.654
Developing R&D Portfolio Business Validity Simulation Model and System
Yeo, H. J., & Im, K. H. (2015) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2015/348369
On the Conceptualization of Business Models: A New Approach from Classical Paradigm
Cheng, Y., Jian-guo, S., & He, Y.-Y. (2010) · International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS) · doi:10.1109/icmss.2010.5575808
A Process Model for Assessing the Distribution Options for Horizontal E-Business Portals
Bandopadhyay, T., Kumar, P., & Mahapatra, T. (2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Modelling in Business Model design
Simonse, W. L. (2013) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)
Study on Collaborative Arithmetic of Technology Support and Customer Visit of E-Business Website
Lu, Z.-J. (2007) · International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/wicom.2007.941
Information flows and environments in business contexs
Valentim, M. L. P. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Information Science research trends · doi:10.36311/1981-1640.2013.v7esp.17.p299
Inovação no modelo de negócio: o caso do setor grossista alimentar em Portugal
Coelho, C. A. A. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Information systems innovation: Definitions, comparative contexts, and cognitive models
Kärrberg, P. (2007) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)
Research on the theoritical boundary of the business model concept
Cheng, Y., Song, W.-W., & Chen, X. (2011) · International Conference on E-Business and E-Government · doi:10.1109/icebeg.2011.5881711
Business Models for E-Commerce Data Translation Web Service Providers
Phạm, Q. T. (2003)
Volland, D., & Eurich, M. (2014)
PROJECT DELIVERIES AS STRATEGIC VENTURES: A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS USING THE BUSINESS MODEL CONSTRUCT
Mutka, S., & Aaltonen, P. (2011)
Schmid, A. (2015) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
FROM THE ORIENTATION OF MARKETING TO BUSINESS MODEL - A MORE ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITY
Diaconu, M. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT Information Systems
Nilsson, A. (2008)
Modelo de negócios: teoria e prática: um estudo em empresas de tecnologia
Rocha, M. W. G. (2015) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.12.2015.tde-26112015-133325
Exploring business models for medical games: Key components and challenges
Pamppunen, J. (2015) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
Roberts, M. D. (2015) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
Hadi, B., Moshabaki, E. A., Kordnaeij, A., & Azar, A. (2015)
DEFINING A VALUE CO-CREATION BASED BUSINESS MODEL CASE ICE WALL SERVICE
Kauhanen, K. (2015)
de Souza, E. M., Batista, P. C. D. S., Santiago, A. G., Chaves, B. L., & Pinto, F. R. (2016) · Revista Eletrônica de Estratégia & Negócios · doi:10.19177/reen.v8e2201526-53
Validity of GPS tracking devices for Alzheimer's patients in Portugal Case study: Suricare
Togui, V. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/jy5f-1z33
A Multilayered Approach to Estimate Business PerformancePreprint
Balagoni, A., & Chavala, V. K. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1308.5937
Cho, D., & Hong, J.-H. (2011) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22333-4_52
Success factors of commercial open source software projects
Loimukallio, E. (2012) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
Siqueira, L. D., Crispim, S. F., & Gaspar, M. A. (2016) · Sistemas & Gestão · doi:10.20985/1980-5160.2015.v10n4.461
Creating value with IT - the case of RFID
Bunduchi, R. (2015) · British Academy of Management Conference
Valentine, J. R. (2006) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Roelens, B., & Poels, G. (2013) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
E-Learning Geschäftsmodelle: Framework der Strategischen Planung
Sandrock, J., Grunenberg, M., & Lattemann, C. (2005) · Physica-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-7908-1655-8_16
Liiketoimintamallin kehittäminen SaaS -yrityksessä
Leinonen, S. (2015) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Tomomitsu, H. T. A., da Silva, M. D. J., & Moraes, R. D. O. (2016) · doi:10.5151/edupro-endge2016-012
Multichannel multimarket media services- dynamic media business models, value chains and ecosystems
Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, Huhtala, J.-P., Salo, J., & Leminen, S. (2011)
Scott‐Kemmis, D. (2014) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-5828-8.ch008
Viable Business Models for M-Commerce
Gan, J., & Gutiérrez, J. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-042-6.ch052
How Research can Help to Create Commercially Successful Ubiquitous Services
Palo, T., Koskela, K., Koivumäki, T., & Tähtinen, J. (2009) · Advances in electronic commerce (AEC) book series/Advances in electronic commerce series · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-378-4.ch008
Come i servizi possono trasformare il modello di business
Chesbrough, H. W. (2011) · SxI Springer per l'Innovazione · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1980-5_6
The Mobile Internet as Antecedent for Down-Scoping Corporate Service Portfolios
Loebbecke, C., Tuunainen, V. K., & Cremer, S. (2016) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45408-5_6
Process visualisation to support e-business configuration decisions
Currie, W. L., Joyce, P., & Winch, G. W. (2004) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology)
Supply chain business modelling
Pereira, G. (2012) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25560/14707
The two-sided market perspective of e-health
Vimarlund, V., Mettler, T., Nykänen, P., & Rigby, M. (2016) · Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen)
Strategic pricing in business relationships
Leminen, S., Anttila, M., & Tinnilä, M. (2007)
Niespójność modelu biznesu symptomem kryzysu firmy
Falencikowski, T. (2012) · Roczniki Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Toruniu
Embedding Business Model for Sustainable Collaborative Innovation in
Grèzes, V., Fulgencio, H., & Perruchoud, A. (2013)
A design-led approach to innovation in aged care
Nusem, E. (2016) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.96318
The Business Model of Trade eBooks from Consumer Viewpoint: A Conceptual Framework
Hiang, P. S., & Ishak, S. A. (2016)
Operators' value creation models in electronic invoicing - User company perspective
Tao, M. (2013) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University)
Variation in the use of business models:essence, levels, and activities
Palo, T. (2014) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)
Building a business model framework for digital heritage collections
Peacock, D. F., Lu, N., & Swatman, P. M. C. (2007) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
Metadata
- Authors
- Hedman, J., & Kalling, T.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hedman, Jonas
- ORCID
- Hedman, Jonas
- Venue
- European Journal of Information Systems
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-59
- ISSN
- 0960-085X (ISSN-L)
- 1476-9344
- OpenAlex
- W2026835877
- Cited by
- 919
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 35.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Information Systems (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Technology Governance and Strategy
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Innovation
- Keywords
- business models, business model evolution, e-commerce, strategy theory, ERP implementation, business model components
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review