The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“while Hofstede’s dimensional concept neglects cultural dynamics”
From Dimensions and Dynamics of National Culture: Synthesizing Hofstede With Inglehart (2018) · cites this paper as Shenkar, 2001
Citations
Cites
The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode
Kogut, B., & Singh, H. (1988) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490394 · Cited by 6,211
Morgan, G. (1986) · Cited by 5,650
The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production: A Restatement and Some Possible Extensions
Dunning, J. (1988) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490372 · Cited by 4,660
Retrospective reports of strategic‐level managers: Guidelines for increasing their accuracy
Huber, G. P., & Power, D. (1985) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250060206 · Cited by 1,718
Internationalization: Evolution of a Concept
Welch, L. S., & Luostarinen, R. K. (1988) · Journal of General Management · doi:10.1177/030630708801400203 · Cited by 1,504
The Economic Institutions of Capitalism
Freeman, R. E., & Williamson, O. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258544 · Cited by 1,370
O'Grady, S., & Lane, H. W. (1996) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490137 · Cited by 956
The Location of Foreign Direct Investment Activity: Country Characteristics and Experience Effects
Davidson, W. H. (1980) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490602 · Cited by 835
International Expansion Strategy of Japanese Firms: Capability Building through Sequential Entry
Chang, S.-J. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256685 · Cited by 830
Acculturation in Mergers and Acquisitions
Nahavandi, A., & Malekzadeh, A. R. (1988) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258356 · Cited by 811
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
van Hoorn, A., & Maseland, R. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-886220140000009008 · Cited by 12
Strategic Asset Seeking by EMNEs: A Matter of Liabilities of Foreignness – or Outsidership?
Petersen, B., & Seifert, R. E. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-886220140000009015 · Cited by 12
Batsakis, G. K., & Singh, S. (2019) · Thunderbird International Business Review · doi:10.1002/tie.22046 · Cited by 12
López‐Duarte, C., Suárez, M. M. V., & González, B. (2017) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2017.1383287 · Cited by 12
Brown, L. (2019) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872818818247 · Cited by 12
Camargo, A., Çelik, P., & Storme, M. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100725 · Cited by 12
Bajaba, A. M., Le, S. A., Bajaba, S. M., & Hoang, B. L. (2021) · The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation · doi:10.1177/14657503211030797 · Cited by 12
Antecedents and consequence of the consumer's psychic distance in cross-border e-commerce
Chen, X., & Kim, H.-M. (2021) · International Trade Politics and Development · doi:10.1108/itpd-08-2021-0008 · Cited by 12
Ye, S., Zhou, J., Jiang, Y., & Liu, X. (2023) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102138 · Cited by 15
Cultural proximity and global value chains
Doan, N. T. (2023) · International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.inteco.2023.06.003 · Cited by 12
Konanahalli, A., Oyedele, L. O., Coates, R., von Meding, J. K., & Spillane, J. P. (2012) · Construction Economics and Building · doi:10.5130/ajceb.v12i3.2628 · Cited by 12
López‐Duarte, C., Suárez, M. M. V., González, B., & Reis, N. R. (2016) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-016-2044-9 · Cited by 12
Félix, B., Teixeira, M. L. M., & Balassiano, M. (2019) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595819839749 · Cited by 12
Lorenzen, M. (2019) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1017/mor.2018.53 · Cited by 12
Messner, W. (2022) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1177/1069031x221123993 · Cited by 12
Ott, U. F., Liu, X., & Buck, T. (2014) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.01.005 · Cited by 12
The past, present and future of managing distance: stakeholders and development
van Tulder, R. J. M. (2010) · Advances in international management · doi:10.1108/s1571-5027(2010)00000230013 · Cited by 13
Yayla, S., Kutlubay, O. C., Çiçek, M., & Yeniyurt, S. (2023) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102139 · Cited by 11
Shi, L. H., Smith, J. B., Zou, S., Han, Y., & Tan, K. (2024) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2024.101550 · Cited by 11
Sambharya, R. B., & Goll, I. (2024) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2024.102465 · Cited by 11
Presutti, M., Fratocchi, L., & Odorici, V. (2024) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-024-00552-6 · Cited by 11
Znaczenie dystansu w procesie internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw
Ciszewska‐Mlinarič, M., & Wąsowska, A. (2012) · Central European Management Journal · doi:10.7206/mba.ce.2084-3356.33 · Cited by 11
La distance et le développement international des entreprises
Moalla, E. (2011) · Management & Avenir · doi:10.3917/mav.046.0035 · Cited by 11
International Firm Strategies: Is Cultural Distance a Main Determinant?
Abdellatif, M., Amann, B., & Jaussaud, J. (2010) · Transition Studies Review · doi:10.1007/s11300-010-0177-8 · Cited by 11
Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithm Based on User Attributes and Item Score
Liu, C., Kong, X., Li, X., & Zhang, T. (2022) · Scientific Programming · doi:10.1155/2022/4544152 · Cited by 11
Tallman, S., & Cuervo-Cazurra, Á. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190090883.003.0016 · Cited by 11
Zhou, C. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122025 · Cited by 11
Managing from a distance in international purchasing and supply
O’Connor, N. G., Du, Y., Yang, Z., & Akbari, M. (2022) · Operations Management Research · doi:10.1007/s12063-022-00291-7 · Cited by 11
Mitze, T., & Kreutzer, F. (2023) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-023-00326-5 · Cited by 11
Messner, W. (2023) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102201 · Cited by 11
Impact of cultural positions on FDI’s entry mode
López‐Duarte, C., Suárez, M. M. V., & González, B. (2015) · Cross Cultural Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccm-07-2014-0086 · Cited by 11
Leung, D., Woo, G. J., & Ly, T. P. (2013) · Journal of China Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/19388160.2013.784572 · Cited by 11
Tsai, M., & Lin, C. (2010) · Group Decision and Negotiation · doi:10.1007/s10726-010-9214-6 · Cited by 11
Global cities and liability of foreignness
Mehlsen, K., & Wernicke, G. (2016) · European J of International Management · doi:10.1504/ejim.2016.073983 · Cited by 11
Risco político e internacionalização de empresas: uma revisão bibliográfica
Costa, L. P. D. S., & Figueira, A. C. R. (2017) · Cadernos EBAPE BR · doi:10.1590/1679-395156933 · Cited by 11
Moving beyond the Western versus Asian culture distinction
Weber, K., Sparks, B., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2017) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2015-0679 · Cited by 11
Park, H., Han, K., & Joon, W. (2018) · Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies · doi:10.15388/omee.2018.10.00007 · Cited by 11
Legal family, cultural dimensions, and FDI
Steigner, T., Riedy, M. K., & Bauman, A. (2019) · International Journal of Managerial Finance · doi:10.1108/ijmf-09-2017-0205 · Cited by 11
Askarzadeh, F., Yousefi, H., & Bajestani, M. F. (2020) · Review of International Business and Strategy · doi:10.1108/ribs-04-2020-0047 · Cited by 11
Qi, Y., & Rao, G. (2021) · Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society · doi:10.1155/2021/3506404 · Cited by 11
Yeh, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.08.026 · Cited by 11
Critical Events and Reception of Foreign Culture
Volz, Y. Z., Lee, F. L. F., Xiao, G., & Liu, X. (2010) · International Communication Gazette · doi:10.1177/1748048509353865 · Cited by 11
Li, D., & Glaister, K. W. (2009) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602380802361304 · Cited by 11
The Role of Mindfulness and Neuroticism in Predicting Acculturative Anxiety Forecasting Error
Kong, D. T. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0409-4 · Cited by 13
Pinto, L. H., Cabral-Cardoso, C., & Werther, W. B. (2011) · Thunderbird International Business Review · doi:10.1002/tie.20415 · Cited by 11
Delerue, H., & Sicotte, H. (2018) · Thunderbird International Business Review · doi:10.1002/tie.21976 · Cited by 11
Ma, M. Z. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110277 · Cited by 11
Fellows, R. F., & Liu, A. M. M. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119450535.ch9 · Cited by 11
Does the degree of retailer international involvement affect retailer performance?
Dimitrova, B. V., Rosenbloom, B., & Andras, T. L. (2013) · The International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research · doi:10.1080/09593969.2013.855644 · Cited by 10
Pudelko, M. (2020) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.2020.1850976 · Cited by 10
Olsen, J., Gahan, P., Adamovic, M., Choi, D., Harley, B., Healy, J., & Theilacker, M. (2021) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2021.100886 · Cited by 9
Liu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., & Jiang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.794455 · Cited by 10
Mingo, S., Ciravegna, L., & Morales, F. J. (2023) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102231 · Cited by 10
Deng, Y., Yan, X., Chen, M., Nadeem, M. U., & Kulich, S. J. (2024) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102077 · Cited by 10
Zhang, M. M. (2015) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602381.2015.1020649 · Cited by 13
How congruent are managers’ perceptions of cultural distance with objective reality?
Azar, G. (2014) · Cross Cultural Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccm-03-2013-0041 · Cited by 10
Lee, S., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, R. B. (2015) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602381.2015.1071519 · Cited by 10
Fazal, S. A., Mamun, A. A., Wahab, S. A., & Mohiuddin, M. (2017) · Multinational Business Review · doi:10.1108/mbr-07-2017-0042 · Cited by 10
The effect of host country Internet infrastructure on foreign expansion of Korean MNCs
Lee, S., Oh, C. H., & Lee, J. Y. (2016) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602381.2016.1156295 · Cited by 12
Cultural Influences on Foreign Direct Investment
Goraieb, M. R., Reinert, M., & Verdu, F. C. (2019) · Internext · doi:10.18568/internext.v14i2.458 · Cited by 10
Xiao, S. L., Yang, Z., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2019) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2019.1682767 · Cited by 10
Cultural differences in servitization: Nordic manufacturers in China
Bao, S., & Toivonen, M. (2015) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-01-2015-0001 · Cited by 10
Institutional Topography: A Review of Subnational Institutions
Dai, L., Hitt, M. A., Huo, C., & Chan, C. M. S. (2024) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063241282640 · Cited by 9
Culture, international stakeholders, and crowdfunding
Cumming, D. J., & Sewaid, A. (2024) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1514 · Cited by 8
Yan, X., English, A. S., Zheng, L., Bender, M., Zhou, Y., Ma, J., Ma, Y., Lu, J. Y., & Li, W. (2024) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102084 · Cited by 9
Prosocial motivation and lending to the poor: evidence from an international crowdfunding platform
Xie, L., Ding, Y., Li, J., & Xu, H. (2024) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-024-00751-1 · Cited by 9
Argue, A. J., & Velema, T. A. (2021) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100650 · Cited by 9
Chen, K., Cheng, X., Zhang, R., Cillo, G., & Ragusa, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863442 · Cited by 9
Oscar Malca, G., Donet, J. L. R., Marcilla-Vigo, M., & Acedo, F. J. (2022) · Review of International Business and Strategy · doi:10.1108/ribs-10-2021-0130 · Cited by 9
The impact of distance on acquisition performance
Galdino, K. M., Gordon, J. M., & King, D. R. (2022) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2022.09.010 · Cited by 9
Khan, A. J., & Kalisz, D. E. (2024) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies12070172 · Cited by 9
Geographical and industrial spillovers in entry decisions across export markets
Sepulveda, J. Á. M., & Rodríguez, D. R. (2015) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2015.1026582 · Cited by 9
A phenomenological approach of blogger’s view on cultural distance
AYDIN, S., & Sezerel, H. (2018) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2018.1466815 · Cited by 9
Sood, A., & Kumar, V. (2018) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-018-0163-7 · Cited by 9
Switching analytical mindsets: A person-centered approach to the analysis of cultural values
Cooper, J. T., Stanley, L. J., Stevens, C. E., Shenkar, O., & Kausch, C. (2020) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595820939981 · Cited by 9
Self-citationThe effects of cultural distance on online brand popularity
Kim, M.-Y., & Moon, S. (2021) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/s41262-020-00227-1 · Cited by 9
Zhong, B.-J., Gong, Y., Shenkar, O., Luo, Y., Xiao, Z., & Zhao, S. (2021) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-021-09780-y · Cited by 9
Self-citationYoskowitz, D. W., & Pisani, M. J. (2006) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2006.01.001 · Cited by 9
The effect of multi-level factors on MNEs' market entry success in a small emerging market
Perks, K., Hogan, S. P., & Shukla, P. (2013) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/13555851311290975 · Cited by 9
Barron, A. (2011) · Journal of European Integration · doi:10.1080/07036337.2011.579752 · Cited by 9
Ávila, H. D. A., da Rocha, Â., & da Silva, J. F. (2015) · BAR - Brazilian Administration Review · doi:10.1590/1807-7692bar2015150025 · Cited by 9
Interpersonal Cross-Cultural Contact
Ghosh, A. (2013) · Management and Labour Studies · doi:10.1177/0258042x13491355 · Cited by 9
Facilitating culturally diverse groups with visual templates in collaborative systems
Bresciani, S., & Comi, A. (2017) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-12-2015-0200 · Cited by 9
Developing management student cultural fluency for the real world
Zhu, Y., Okimoto, T. G., Roan, A., & Xu, H. H. (2017) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-03-2016-0059 · Cited by 10
Sovereign ratings and national culture
Dang, H. D., & Partington, G. H. (2020) · Pacific-Basin Finance Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101296 · Cited by 10
When Distance is Good: An Upper-Echelons Perspective on the Role of Distance in Internationalization
Piaskowska, D. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-886220170000012011 · Cited by 9
Rozen-Bakher, Z. (2018) · Transnational Corporation Review · doi:10.1080/19186444.2018.1475089 · Cited by 9
Parente, R., Kelley, K. J., Thams, Y., & Alvarado-Vargas, M. J. (2020) · Multinational Business Review · doi:10.1108/mbr-02-2019-0010 · Cited by 9
When over internationalized companies reduce their international footprint
Buigues, P.-A., Lacoste, D., & Lavigne, S. (2015) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.04.006 · Cited by 9
Mutual perception of Russian and French managers
Muratbekova‐Touron, M. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.565662 · Cited by 9
Expanding the Measurement of Culture with a Sample of Two Billion Humans
Obradovich, N., Özak, Ö., Martín, I., Ortuño-Ortı́n, I., Awad, E., Cebrián, M., Cuevas, R., Desmet, K., Rahwan, I., & Cuevas, √. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27827 · Cited by 10
Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Greene, Z., Henry, S., Nathanson, C., & Block, W. (2009) · Comparative social research · doi:10.1108/s0195-6310(2009)0000026019 · Cited by 9
Ayyagari, M., Knill, A. M., & Syvrud, K. (2024) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-024-00734-2 · Cited by 8
Liu, X., Mayer, M., & Dimov, D. P. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102402 · Cited by 8
Cognitive biases in the perceptions of country distance
Nebus, J. F., & Celo, S. (2020) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2020.100774 · Cited by 8
Koç, E., & Villi, B. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism · doi:10.31822/jomat.2021-6-2-117 · Cited by 11
Bae, M. G., Wang, Y., & Liu, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899918 · Cited by 8
International retailer performance: Disentangling the interplay between rule of law and culture
Li, S., Leszczyc, P. T. L. P., & Qiu, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2023.01.001 · Cited by 8
What affects auditor choice in emerging markets? New evidence on the role of cultural distance
Acar, M., & ŞENDURUR, U. (2023) · Managerial Auditing Journal · doi:10.1108/maj-11-2022-3743 · Cited by 8
Foreign institutional investors and equity share decisions in cross‐border mergers and acquisitions
Wajda, D., Bu, J., & Shi, W. (2024) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1511 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Shenkar, O.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shenkar, Oded
- ORCID
- Shenkar, Oded
- Venue
- Journal of International Business Studies
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 519-535
- ISSN
- 0047-2506 (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6990
- OpenAlex
- W4230713850
- Cited by
- 1,650
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 89 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 39.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of International Business Studies (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Business and International Management › Global and Cross-Cultural Management
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- cultural distance, cultural differences, construct conceptualization, foreign investment, entry mode choice, international business theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review