The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade
Open accessAbstract
Instead of the dire predictions of a post-pandemic world characterized by increased global risks, decoupling of economies, shake-up of global value chains, and the retreat of globalization, this article proposes that the changes induced by heightened nationalism and protectionism will be marginal rather than fundamental in nature. These marginally higher risks can easily be handled and ameliorated by multinational enterprises through alternate cross-border business strategies and emerging technologies. Moreover, the paper gives reasons why the future world economy will need even more globalization.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
13 Own result · 6 Sources not found · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“most FDI and trade indicators, taken over a long-term trend line, i.e., the 1990s–2020 period, show a five- to ten-fold growth (Witt, 2019).”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > MEASUREMENTS FOR GLOBALIZATION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Witt, 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The State of De-Globalization (p. 3) reports rapid earlier growth in trade and FDI measures. It does not report five- to ten-fold growth for most indicators over 1990–2020; instead, it describes peaks around 2007–2011 followed by declines, and its cited data do not extend to 2020. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity (VUCA) are reduced “…by the increased collection of information …with greater transmission and coordination of informational resources…” (Buckley, 2020). Liesch and Welch (2019) make a similar argument.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > REDUCING RISKS IN A POST-PANDEMIC WORLD
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Buckley, 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The VOLATILITY section contains the quoted language, but describes increased information collection, transmission and coordination as firms’ responses to increased volatility, not as a reduction of all four VUCA conditions. The VUCA section says amassing knowledge can help confront those conditions, and COLLECTING INFORMATION says uncertainty can be reduced by collecting information. These passages support a narrower claim than the citing sentence makes. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites Liesch and Welch (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The indispensable role played by the multinational enterprise (MNE) as a bridging agent that aggregates demand and arbitrages differences across nations, as well as orchestrates and conduits the cross-border flows of capital (FDI), goods and services (trade), and intellectual assets”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > WHY, POST-PANDEMIC, THE WORLD ECONOMY WILL SEE EVEN MORE GLOBALIZATION
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These marginally higher risks can easily be handled and ameliorated by multinational enterprises through alternate cross-border business strategies and emerging technologies.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, it is clear that all three international business indicators have grown at a faster rate than the average growth rate of GDP (4.9% CAGR).”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > CONCLUSIONS
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apart from their dramatic growth, international licensing is far less affected by recessions and pandemics,5 and is likely to continue its fast growth in the knowledge economy of the future.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > MEASUREMENTS FOR GLOBALIZATION
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After the pandemic, the “new normal” may be marginally different, but globalization in its various manifestations will continue, and global coordination will be even more important”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > CONCLUSIONS
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the paper gives reasons why the future world economy will need even more globalization.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic is more an accelerator of changes that were already under way rather than an event that enforces radically new patterns globally.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > WHY, POST-PANDEMIC, THE WORLD ECONOMY WILL SEE EVEN MORE GLOBALIZATION
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This coming “resilience” of supply chains will be manifested in four ways, (1) an increase in the number of suppliers for the same component or item (or lower likelihood of reliance on one sole-source foreign supplier), (2) geographical diversification of supply sources to more than one country”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > THE CONTINUING RATIONALES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Citations
Cites
(1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92216-0 · Cited by 46,726
The Future of the Multinational Enterprise
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1976) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02899-3 · Cited by 4,478
Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
Leblebici, H., & Chandler, A. D., Jr. (1991) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258922 · Cited by 2,897
Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069293 · Cited by 2,775
Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. B. (2020) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2020.1750727 · Cited by 2,575
Rodrik, D. (2016) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1007/s10887-015-9122-3 · Cited by 2,236
A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises
Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (2004) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400073 · Cited by 1,662
The rise of blockchain technology in agriculture and food supply chains
Kamilaris, A., Fonts, A., & Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X. (2019) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.034 · Cited by 1,440
Multinational Firms, Competition, and Productivity in Host-Country Markets
Caves, R. E. (1974) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2553765 · Cited by 1,379
The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World
Bradford, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001 · Cited by 1,349
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Purcell, D., Kushnier, G. & Law, D. 2016. Globalization and standardization. IEEE Standards University. August. https://www.standardsuniversity.org/e-magazine/august-2016-volume-6/globalization-and-standardization/.
- Roy, R. 2020. India’s leader calls for economic self-sufficiency, promises relief. Wall Street Journal, May 12.
- Tilley, A. 2020. Zoom targets prolonged remote-work era as coronavirus drags on. Wall Street Journal, July 15.
- UNCTAD. 2013. World investment report 2013: Global value chains: Investment and trade for development. New York: United Nations.
- Waldman, D., & Javidan, M. 2020. The false dichotomy between globalism and nationalism. Brighton: Harvard Business Review.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–228 of 228
Tax Impact of Multinationals in Central and Eastern Europe on Sustainable Development Goals
Procházka, P. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-886220230000017011
Navigating the polycrisis: resilience strategies of firms in global production networks
Pedersen, T., Jensen, P. D. Ø., & Busck-Lumholt, L. M. (2026) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbag031
A review of the international business policy-turn studies: a societal perspective
Zheng, F., & Alon, I. (2025) · Competitiveness Review An International Business Journal incorporating Journal of Global Competitiveness · doi:10.1108/cr-09-2024-0169
Chabok, S. H., Jasimuddin, S. M., & Gammelgaard, J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6993451
Moon, H., Yin, W., Zheng, F., & Huang, D. (2026) · Economic and Political Studies · doi:10.1080/20954816.2026.2667463
A GPN perspective on the adoption of blockchain technology in global supply chains
Franz, S. (2025) · Progress in Economic Geography · doi:10.1016/j.peg.2025.100043 · Cited by 1
Krammer, S. M. S., Nuruzzaman, N., & Mukherjee, D. (2024) · Multinational Business Review · doi:10.1108/mbr-07-2024-0119 · Cited by 1
Shah, S. S., & Shahjee, G. S. (2026) · Critical Perspectives on International Business · doi:10.1108/cpoib-10-2025-0244
The Actors Involved in Global Value Chain Resilience
Sacco, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-25878-6_3
Aligning customer and supplier integration for AI-enabled supply chain responsiveness and efficiency
Zhong, D., Um, K., & Jia, L. (2026) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-01-2026-0060
International Spillover Effects of Economic Policy UncertaintyPreprint
Bernales, A., Cumming, D. J., Margaretic, P., & Muñoz, R. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4783396
Diskurse – (Un)Wissen – Resilienz. Mediale und diskursive Produktion neuer Normalität
Miguoué, J. B. (2025) · Studien zur Resilienzforschung · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-47027-2_1
Chen, Y., Liu, D., & Xiao, P. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6809582/v1
Navigating Uncertainty: Effectuation as a Strategic Approach for Mncs in Armed Conflict ContextsPreprint
Figueira, A. R., Felício, R., & Baesso, L. G. A. S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4779021
Friendshoring as a Strategic Response: Location Decisions for MNEs in a Fractured Global Economy
Virani, S. S. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-88622026000020a003
Metadata
- Authors
- Contractor, F. J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Contractor, Farok J.
- ORCID
- Contractor, Farok J.
- Venue
- Journal of International Business Studies
- Published
- 2021-02-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 156-171
- ISSN
- 0047-2506 (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6990
- PMC
- PMC7848245
- OpenAlex
- W3126211057
- Semantic Scholar
- c7d92303a36cf881a91bf56c800666ad682f0ed5
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 25
- FWCI
- 35.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of International Business Studies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Globalization, Economics, and Policies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › COVID-19, Geopolitics, Technology, Migration
- Keywords
- globalization, COVID-19 pandemic, nationalism, protectionism, global value chains, multinational corporations, emerging technologies, economic decoupling, global risks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-26 (prompt extract-v2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review