The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade
Open accessAbstract
Instead of the dire predictions of a post-pandemic world characterized by increased global risks, decoupling of economies, shake-up of global value chains, and the retreat of globalization, this article proposes that the changes induced by heightened nationalism and protectionism will be marginal rather than fundamental in nature. These marginally higher risks can easily be handled and ameliorated by multinational enterprises through alternate cross-border business strategies and emerging technologies. Moreover, the paper gives reasons why the future world economy will need even more globalization.
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
13 Own result · 6 Sources not found · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“most FDI and trade indicators, taken over a long-term trend line, i.e., the 1990s–2020 period, show a five- to ten-fold growth (Witt, 2019).”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > MEASUREMENTS FOR GLOBALIZATION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Witt, 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The State of De-Globalization (p. 3) reports rapid earlier growth in trade and FDI measures. It does not report five- to ten-fold growth for most indicators over 1990–2020; instead, it describes peaks around 2007–2011 followed by declines, and its cited data do not extend to 2020. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity (VUCA) are reduced “…by the increased collection of information …with greater transmission and coordination of informational resources…” (Buckley, 2020). Liesch and Welch (2019) make a similar argument.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > REDUCING RISKS IN A POST-PANDEMIC WORLD
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Buckley, 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The VOLATILITY section contains the quoted language, but describes increased information collection, transmission and coordination as firms’ responses to increased volatility, not as a reduction of all four VUCA conditions. The VUCA section says amassing knowledge can help confront those conditions, and COLLECTING INFORMATION says uncertainty can be reduced by collecting information. These passages support a narrower claim than the citing sentence makes. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites Liesch and Welch (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The indispensable role played by the multinational enterprise (MNE) as a bridging agent that aggregates demand and arbitrages differences across nations, as well as orchestrates and conduits the cross-border flows of capital (FDI), goods and services (trade), and intellectual assets”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > WHY, POST-PANDEMIC, THE WORLD ECONOMY WILL SEE EVEN MORE GLOBALIZATION
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These marginally higher risks can easily be handled and ameliorated by multinational enterprises through alternate cross-border business strategies and emerging technologies.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, it is clear that all three international business indicators have grown at a faster rate than the average growth rate of GDP (4.9% CAGR).”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > CONCLUSIONS
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apart from their dramatic growth, international licensing is far less affected by recessions and pandemics,5 and is likely to continue its fast growth in the knowledge economy of the future.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > MEASUREMENTS FOR GLOBALIZATION
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After the pandemic, the “new normal” may be marginally different, but globalization in its various manifestations will continue, and global coordination will be even more important”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > CONCLUSIONS
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the paper gives reasons why the future world economy will need even more globalization.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic is more an accelerator of changes that were already under way rather than an event that enforces radically new patterns globally.”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > WHY, POST-PANDEMIC, THE WORLD ECONOMY WILL SEE EVEN MORE GLOBALIZATION
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This coming “resilience” of supply chains will be manifested in four ways, (1) an increase in the number of suppliers for the same component or item (or lower likelihood of reliance on one sole-source foreign supplier), (2) geographical diversification of supply sources to more than one country”
§ The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade > THE CONTINUING RATIONALES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
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“Social connections affect people's well-being, and those who maintain relationships with family and friends can avoid the stress and traumatic condition (Aristovnik et al., 2020; Contractor, 2022; Jia et al., 2022; Korniichuk et al., 2021).”
BackgroundIndustry globalization: construct, measurement and variation across industries
Sambharya, R. B., Contractor, F. J., & Rasheed, A. (2022) · Multinational Business Review · doi:10.1108/mbr-04-2022-0053 · Cited by 3
Self-citationZhou, Y., & Yuen, K. F. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143661 · Cited by 8
Peer-to-peer guanxi and unethical practices: a dynamic examination based on cultural change in China
Kang, J. H., Ling, Y., & Barclay, L. A. (2023) · Culture and Organization · doi:10.1080/14759551.2023.2251166 · Cited by 8
Yue, L. Q., & Takeda, Y. (2025) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2025.100219 · Cited by 9
Zhu, Z.-Y., & Xie, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116396 · Cited by 7
When Great Powers Struggle: How Geopolitical Alignments of Small States Are Influenced by Their MNEs
Matala, S., & Stutz, C. (2025) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.13254 · Cited by 6
Zhang, H., Mi, L., Shao, X., & Bu, J. (2023) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2023.101085 · Cited by 6
“In a less globalized world, firms are compelled to reduce their over-reliance on the global economy (Contractor, 2022), balancing their reliance on external resources with the creation of new resources within the firm.”
Export intensity and its effect on women's employment
Amin, M., & Islam, A. M. (2023) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/kykl.12346 · Cited by 6
Protectionism and its Impact on MNC Subsidiaries’ Performance
Ghauri, P. N., Xiao, S. S., Park, B. I., et al. (2023) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-023-00519-z · Cited by 6
“Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked broad-based recourses to trade restrictions (Contractor, 2022).”
Paradigmatic reflections in cross-cultural management to make sense of a VUCA world
Primecz, H. (2024) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-09-2023-4001 · Cited by 7
Edman, J., & Stevens, C. E. (2025) · Academy of Management collections. · doi:10.5465/amc.2023.0011 · Cited by 6
Koster, F. (2021) · Journal of Work-Applied Management · doi:10.1108/jwam-09-2021-0054 · Cited by 6
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Li, N., Li, Z., Zhang, B., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-11-2023-0606 · Cited by 5
Exploring the antecedents of industry globalization: a longitudinal investigation
Sambharya, R. B., Rasheed, A. A., & Contractor, F. J. (2021) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-03-2021-0040 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Contractor, F. J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Contractor, Farok J.
- ORCID
- Contractor, Farok J.
- Venue
- Journal of International Business Studies
- Published
- 2021-02-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 156-171
- ISSN
- 0047-2506 (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6990
- PMC
- PMC7848245
- OpenAlex
- W3126211057
- Semantic Scholar
- c7d92303a36cf881a91bf56c800666ad682f0ed5
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 25
- FWCI
- 35.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of International Business Studies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Globalization, Economics, and Policies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › COVID-19, Geopolitics, Technology, Migration
- Keywords
- globalization, COVID-19 pandemic, nationalism, protectionism, global value chains, multinational corporations, emerging technologies, economic decoupling, global risks
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