A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Most MNEs principally serve their home and contiguous regions.
“Nevertheless, Rugman & Verbeke’s (2004) overall conclusion is correct, that most MNEs principally serve their home and contiguous regions.”
From The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade (2022) · cites this paper as Rugman & Verbeke’s (2004)
The Conclusions (page not provided) say most large MNEs make an average of 80% of their sales in their home triad region, supporting the claim’s main point. The evidence concerns large MNEs, not MNEs generally, and does not establish that they principally serve contiguous regions beyond their home region. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRugman and Verbeke (2004) found that 320 of the 380 MNEs with data had an average of 80% of their sales in the home region (in developed economies).
“Rugman and Verbeke (2004) find that 320 of the 380 MNEs with data had an average of 80% of their sales in the home region (in developed economies).”
From An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies (2008) · cites this paper as Rugman and Verbeke (2004)
Location emerged as one of the key variables in empirical GVC studies.
“Location emerged as one of the key variables in empirical GVC studies, yet few empirical studies in our sample attempt to measure the geographic dispersion of value chains investigated, in order to determine whether the scope of these value chains is in fact global, in a sense of a relatively equal distribution of activities across regions (Rugman & Verbeke, 2004).”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Rugman & Verbeke, 2004
Few empirical studies in the paper's sample attempt to measure the geographic dispersion of value chains investigated, in order to determine whether the scope of these value chains is in fact global.
“Location emerged as one of the key variables in empirical GVC studies, yet few empirical studies in our sample attempt to measure the geographic dispersion of value chains investigated, in order to determine whether the scope of these value chains is in fact global, in a sense of a relatively equal distribution of activities across regions (Rugman & Verbeke, 2004).”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Rugman & Verbeke, 2004
Rugman and Verbeke (2004) launched a new research stream by studying the globalization (or lack thereof) of companies in the Global Fortune 500 ranking.
“Rugman and Verbeke (2004) launched a new research stream by studying the globalization (or rather the lack thereof) of companies included in the Global Fortune 500 ranking.”
From The future of international business research on corporate globalization that never was… (2018) · cites this paper as Rugman & Verbeke, 2004
In their 2004 JIBS article, Rugman and Verbeke found just nine firms in the Fortune Global 500 that met their balanced-sales definition of global.
“In their 2004 JIBS paper, Rugman and Verbeke identified only nine ''global firms'' in the Fortune Global 500, defined as firms with a balanced distribution of sales across the world (i.e., having less than 50% of sales in their home region, and at least 20% of in each of the two host regions of the triad of North America, Europe and Asia).”
From The future of international business research on corporate globalization that never was… (2018) · cites this paper as Rugman & Verbeke, 2004
In assessing corporate globalization, researchers typically perform their own aggregation or recomputation of data.
“A second, related issue is the fact that authors most often aggregate data themselves or re-compute data, to assess corporate globalization.”
From The future of international business research on corporate globalization that never was… (2018) · cites this paper as Rugman and Verbeke (2004)
Rugman and Verbeke (2004) set thresholds for global status: no less than 20% of sales in each broad triad region and below 50% in any single region.
“Rugman and Verbeke (2004) The future of international business research proposed the following thresholds: Global firms were defined as having sales of at least 20% in each of the three regions of the broad triad of North America, Europe and Asia, but with less than 50% in any one of these regions (especially the home region).”
From The future of international business research on corporate globalization that never was… (2018) · cites this paper as Rugman and Verbeke (2004)
Their 2004 remark that globalization is poorly understood still applies largely to corporate globalization.
“Even though much progress may have been made in the realm of understanding globalization at the macro-level during the past 15 years, the statement remains largely valid for the corporate globalization phenomenon.”
From The future of international business research on corporate globalization that never was… (2018) · cites this paper as Rugman and Verbeke (2004)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92216-0 · Cited by 46,726 · see citing works
Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393553 · Cited by 35,728 · see citing works
The Competitive Advantage of Nations
Clark, T. W., & Porter, M. (1991) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1251962 · Cited by 17,454 · see citing works
The Competitive Advantage of Nations
Porter, M. E. (1990) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-11336-1 · Cited by 15,654 · see citing works
Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications.
O'Brien, D. P., & Williamson, O. E. (1976) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2230812 · Cited by 13,463 · see citing works
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676 · Cited by 10,861 · see citing works
International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle
Vernon, R. (1966) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1880689 · Cited by 7,552 · see citing works
Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967) · Cited by 5,206 · see citing works
The Future of the Multinational Enterprise
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1976) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02899-3 · Cited by 4,478 · see citing works
OVERCOMING THE LIABILITY OF FOREIGNNESS.
Zaheer, S. A. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256683 · Cited by 4,444 · see citing works
Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution
Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_25 · Cited by 4,096 · see citing works
Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1993) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490248 · Cited by 3,967 · see citing works
PUBLICATION RECORDS AND TENURE DECISIONS IN THE FIELD OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Park, S., & Gordon, M. (1996) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199602)17:2 · Cited by 3,959 · see citing works
Columbia Journal of World Business
和宏, 堀. (1968) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 3,558 · see citing works
(1983) · Cited by 3,411 · see citing works
The Mechanism of Internationalisation
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. (1990) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/02651339010137414 · Cited by 3,393 · see citing works
(2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010030027 · Cited by 3,299 · see citing works
Management International Review
(1999) · Gabler Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-90991-6 · Cited by 2,924 · see citing works
Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness
Zaheer, S. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256683 · Cited by 2,904 · see citing works
Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Kim, H. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256948 · Cited by 2,855 · see citing works
International Production and the Multinational Enterprise.
Burton, F., & Dunning, J. H. (1982) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2232466 · Cited by 1,743 · see citing works
Distance still matters. The hard reality of global expansion.
Ghemawat, P. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 1,633 · see citing works
Managing across Borders: The Transnational Solution
Tallman, S. (1990) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.1990.10 · Cited by 1,610 · see citing works
Clustering countries on attitudinal dimensions: A review and synthesis
Ronen, S., & Shenkar, O. (1985) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1985.4278955 · Cited by 1,552 · see citing works
Subsidiary‐specific advantages in multinational enterprises
Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (2001) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.153 · Cited by 1,285 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Co-Evolution of Strategic Alliances
Koza, M. P., & Lewin, A. Y. (1998) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.9.3.255 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Operating Flexibility, Global Manufacturing, and the Option Value of a Multinational Network
Kogut, B., & Kulatilaka, N. (1994) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.40.1.123 · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
Why Investors Value Multinationality
Morck, R. K., & Yeung, B. Y. (1991) · Insurance Mathematics and Economics · doi:10.1016/0167-6687(93)91046-w · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Management International Review
Birkinshaw, J., & Brock, D. M. (2004) · Gabler Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-90999-2 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Diversification strategy and internationalization: Implications for mne performance
Geringer, J. M., Beamish, P. W., & DaCosta, R. C. (1989) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250100202 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Pace, rhythm, and scope: process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation
Vermeulen, F., & Barkema, H. G. (2002) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.243 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
HOME COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTS, CORPORATE DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES, AND FIRM PERFORMANCE.
Wan, W. P., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2003) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/30040674 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Triad Power: The Coming Shape of Global Competition
Diebold, W., & Ohmae, K. (1985) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20042489 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (1992) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490287 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Self-citationInternationalization and Performance: An Organizational Learning Perspective
Ruigrok, W., & Wagner, H. (2003) · Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Semiglobalization and international business strategy
Ghemawat, P. (2003) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400013 · Cited by 548 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Here, value added through aggregation, in the sense of exploiting similarities across countries (Ghemawat, 2003), can be achieved in the home region but appears difficult across regions.”
BackgroundInfluential(1976) · Cited by 495 · see citing works
The Optimal Timing of a Foreign Direct Investment
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1981) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2231697 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
The Optimal Timing of a Foreign Direct Investment
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1985) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-05242-4_5 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
A generalized double diamond approach to the global competitiveness of Korea and Singapore
Moon, H., Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. C. (1998) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/s0969-5931(98)00002-x · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationThe “Double Diamond” Model of International Competitiveness: The Canadian Experience
Rugman, A. M., & D’cruz, J. R. (1996) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035352784.00024 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk Reduction by International Diversification
Rugman, A. M. (1976) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490702 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationDo you really have a global strategy?
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (2017) · International Business · doi:10.4324/9781315199689-18 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Rugman, A. M., & COITEUX, M. (2003) · Management international · doi:10.59876/a-4z7s-jwa6 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationDoz, Y., Santos, J. L., & Williamson, P. J. (2001) · Ubiquity · doi:10.1145/503117.503119 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Towards a Regional Strategy: The Role of Regional Headquarters of Foreign Firms in Singapore
Yeung, H. W., Poon, J., & Perry, M. (2001) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1080/00420980124278 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The Geographical Sources of the Competitiveness of Firms
(1997) · Routledge studies in international business and the world economy · doi:10.4324/9780203016527.ch11 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. C. (2005) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035305254.00020 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobalization versus regionalization: Which way for the multinational?
Morrison, A. J., Ricks, D. A., & Roth, K. (1991) · Organizational Dynamics · doi:10.1016/0090-2616(91)90091-m · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Retail Multinationals and Globalization:
Rugman, A. M., & Girod, S. J. G. (2003) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/s0263-2373(02)00150-0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationManaging with a Global Mindset
Jeannet, J. (2000) · University of Maribor digital library (University of Maribor) · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Regional headquarters: The spearhead for Asia Pacific markets
Lasserre, P. (1996) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/0024-6301(95)00063-1 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Wilkins, M. (1982) · Latin American Research Review · doi:10.1017/s0023879100033720 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Cartwright, W. R. (1993) · Management International Review · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Multinational Enterprises Are Regional, Not Global
Rugman, A. M., & Brain, C. (2003) · Multinational Business Review · doi:10.1108/1525383x200300001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Key Literature on IB Activities: 1960–2000
Dunning, J. H. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199241821.003.0002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Location Choice of Offices of International Companies
Dunning, J. H., & Norman, G. (1987) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a190613 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Buckley, P. J., Dunning, J. H., & Pearce, R. D. (1978) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/bf02696473 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The strategic process in a multinational corporation
Prahalad, C. K. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Myth of the M-Form? Governance, Consent, and Organizational Change
Freeland, R. F. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230953 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Quest for Global Dominance
Govindarajan, V., & Gupta, A. K. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_56 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Managing the Multinational Subsidiary
Clarry, J. W. (1987) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.1987.48 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The political economy of globalization: Revisiting Stephen Hymer 50 years on
Dunning, J., & Pitelis, C. N. (2010) · Transnational corporations · doi:10.18356/d2e4b40d-en · Cited by 91 · see citing works
TORRISI, S. (2018) · European Management Review · doi:10.1002/(issn)1740-4762 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
BRIDGING NATIONAL AND GLOBAL MARKETING STRATEGIES THROUGH REGIONAL OPERATIONS
Daniels, J. D. (1987) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/eb008334 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
An Analysis of the Growth and Profitability of the World's Largest Firms 1972 to 1977
Buckley, P. J., Dunning, J. H., & Fearce, R. D. (1984) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1984.tb00738.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Multinational structural evolution : the changing decision environment in international divisions
Bartlett, C. A. (1979) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
THE REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS DECISION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.
Heenan, D. A. (1979) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/255599 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Broeck, J. V. D. 1., Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. C. (1995) · Research in global strategic management · doi:10.1016/s1064-4857(1995)5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAgarwal, J., Malhotra, N. K., & Wu, T. Y. S. (2002) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/34092 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Verbeke, A. C., & Rugman, A. M. (1993) · VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDoz, Y. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Global competition and the European community
Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. C. (1991) · JAI Press eBooks · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe strategic management of multinationals in a triad-based world economy
Vandenbulcke, D. (1995) · Research in global strategic management · doi:10.1016/s1064-4857(95)05003-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sustaining Global Growth and Development
Fratianni, M. U. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315611600 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- [2]2. Barkema, H., Bell, J. and Pennings, J. (1996) 'Foreign entry, cultural barriers and learning', Strategic Management Journal 17(2): 151-166.
- [16]16. Dunning, J.H. (1996) 'The geographic sources of competitive- ness of firms: some results of a new survey', Transnational Corporations 5(3): 1-30.
- [31]31. Johansson, J. and Vahlne, J.E. (1990) 'The mechanism of internationalization', International Marketing Review 7(4): 1-24.
- [32]32. Kogut, B. (1983) 'Foreign Direct Investment as a Sequential Process', in: C.P. Kindleberger and D.B. Audretsch (eds.) The Multinational Corporation in the 1980s, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, pp. 38-56.
- [41]41. Morck, R. and Yeung, B. (1991) 'Why investors value multi- nationality', Journal of Business 64(2): 165-187.
- [49]49. Rugman, A.M. (1981) Inside the MultinationalsThe Economics of Internal Markets, Columbia University Press: New York.
- [65]65. Wan, W.P. and Hoskisson, R.E. (2003) 'Home country environ- ments, corporate diversification strategies and firm perfor- mance', Academy of Management Journal 46(1): 27-45.
- [68]68. Yip, G. (2002) Total Global Strategy II, Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.
- [70]70. About the authors Alan M Rugman is L Leslie Waters Chair of International Business and a professor at the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Blooming- ton, USA. He is also Director of the IU CIBER. He is also an Associate Fellow of Templeton College, University of Oxford. Previously, he was a professor at the University of Toronto in Canada. He has published numerous books and articles dealing with the strategic management of multinational enterprises and trade and investment policy. His recent books include: the Oxford Handbook of International Business (2001), Multinationals as Flagship Firms (2000), and Environmental Regula- tions and Corporate Strategy (1999), all published by Oxford University Press.
- [71]71. Alain Verbeke holds the McCaig Chair in Manage- ment at the Haskayne School of Business, Univer- sity of Calgary (Canada), and is an Associate Fellow of Templeton College, University of Oxford (UK).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies
Peng, M. W., Wang, D. Y. L., & Jiang, Y. (2008) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400377 · Cited by 3,286 · see citing works
Emerging multinationals from mid‐range economies: the influence of institutions and factor markets
Hoskisson, R. E., Wright, M., Filatotchev, I., & Peng, M. W. (2013) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01085.x · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature
Kano, L., Tsang, E. W. K., & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2020) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-020-00304-2 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
De-globalization: Theories, predictions, and opportunities for international business research
Witt, M. A. (2019) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-019-00219-7 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Adapting the Uppsala model to a modern world: Macro-context and microfoundations
Coviello, N., Kano, L., & Liesch, P. W. (2017) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-017-0120-x · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Fifty Years of International Business Theory and Beyond
Rugman, A. M., Verbeke, A., & Nguyen, Q. T. K. (2011) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-011-0102-3 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Self-citationFive decades of research on foreign direct investment by MNEs: An overview and research agenda
Paul, J., & Feliciano-Cestero, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.04.017 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Location and the multinational enterprise
Cantwell, J. (2009) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2008.82 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Boundary Spanning in Global Organizations
Schotter, A. P. J., Mudambi, R., Doz, Y. L., & Gaur, A. (2017) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12256 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Global value chain governance: A relational perspective
Kano, L. (2018) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-017-0086-8 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Lopez, L. E., Kundu, S. K., & Ciravegna, L. (2009) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2008.69 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Dynamic capabilities and multinational enterprise: Penrosean insights and omissions
Augier, M., & Teece, D. J. (2007) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-007-0010-8 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Illusions of techno-nationalism.
Luo, Y. (2022) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-021-00468-5 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“As cautioned by Rugman and Verbeke (2004), a more nuanced understanding of regional strategy and its organizing must go beyond MNEs’ geographic footprint and should explore the entire spectrum of regional elements in the firm’s global value chain.”
BackgroundThe world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade
Contractor, F. J. (2022) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-020-00394-y · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Narula, R. (2014) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2013.10.006 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Arregle, J., Miller, T. L., Hitt, M. A., & Beamish, P. W. (2013) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2051 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The Internalization Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Past, Present and Future
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (2020) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12344 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
How Good are Multinationality–Performance ( <scp>M‐P</scp> ) Empirical Studies?
Verbeke, A., & Forootan, M. Z. (2012) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-5805.2012.01040.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationSuder, G., Liesch, P. W., Inomata, S., Mihailova, I., & Meng, B. (2015) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2014.05.003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The dynamics of regional and global multinationals, 1999-2008
Hoon Oh, C., & M. Rugman†, A. (2014) · The Multinational Business Review · doi:10.1108/mbr-04-2014-0015 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The limits of firm-level globalization: Revisiting the FSA/CSA matrix
Hillemann, J., & Gestrin, M. (2016) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.01.018 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Coeurderoy, R., & Verbeke, A. (2016) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1118 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy do some multinational corporations relocate their headquarters overseas?
Birkinshaw, J., Braunerhjelm, P., Holm, U., & Terjesen, S. (2006) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.541 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rugman, Alan M
- ORCID
- Verbeke, Alain
- Venue
- Journal of International Business Studies
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-18
- ISSN
- 0047-2506 (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6990
- OpenAlex
- W2132724845
- Semantic Scholar
- 0c164cb422bedd57b9b1e71c42b3b910adabff24
- Cited by
- 1,662
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 89
- FWCI
- 198.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of International Business Studies (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Emerging Frontiers
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Globalization, Economics, and Policies
- Social Sciences › Communication › International Student and Expatriate Challenges
- Keywords
- multinational corporations, globalization, regionalization, market coverage, NAFTA, European Union, Asia, international business strategy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
