Conjectures and Refutations
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A scientific theory is not true or proven (or dismissed), but functional (or dysfunctional) as long as it generates empirically testable predictions.
“Consequently, a scientific theory is not true or proven (or dismissed), but functional (or dysfunctional) as long as it generates empirically testable predictions.”
From The Theoretical Nature of Systems Thinking. Perspectives on Systems Thinking in Biology Education (2018) · cites this paper as Popper, 1963
The ultimate test of a scientific theory is the design of experiments with the purpose to test or falsify the functionality of the scientific theory.
“The ultimate test is the design of experiments with the purpose to test or falsify the functionality of the scientific theory (Popper, 1963).”
From The Theoretical Nature of Systems Thinking. Perspectives on Systems Thinking in Biology Education (2018) · cites this paper as Popper, 1963
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Allington, D., Duffy, B., Wessely, S., Dhavan, N., & Rubin, J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172000224x · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Unpacking black boxes: mechanisms and theory building in evaluation
Astbury, B., & Leeuw, F. L. (2010) · American Journal of Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1098214010371972 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Dhar, V. (2013) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/2500499 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Reporting Analyses of Covariance Structures
Boomsma, A. (2000) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0703_6 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Nelson, L. D., Simmons, J., & Simonsohn, U. (2018) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011836 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Denzin’s Paradigm Shift: Revisiting Triangulation in Qualitative Research
Fusch, P., Fusch, G. E., & Ness, L. R. (2018) · Journal of Social Change · doi:10.5590/josc.2018.10.1.02 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Cure: Improving Research Quality Before Data Collection
Aguinis, H., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2014) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091231 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Muris, P., & Otgaar, H. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01363-0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Theoretical Nature of Systems Thinking. Perspectives on Systems Thinking in Biology Education
Verhoeff, R. P., Knippels, M.-C. P. J., Gilissen, M. G. R., & Boersma, K. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2018.00040 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Cedersund, G., & Roll, J. (2009) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06845.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Replication, Communication, and the Population Dynamics of Scientific Discovery
McElreath, R., & Smaldino, P. E. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136088 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Affect and Arousal in Insomnia: Through a Lens of Neuroimaging Studies
Schiel, J. E., Holub, F., Petri, R., Leerssen, J., Tamm, S., Tahmasian, M., Riemann, D., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01173-0 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The Divine Lawmaker: Lectures on Induction, Laws of Nature, and the Existence of God
Foster, J. (2004) · Oxford University Press · doi:10.1093/0199250596.001.0001 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Lahey, B. B., D’Onofrio, B. M., & Waldman, I. D. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01980.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Taubner, S., Ioannou, Y., Saliba, A., Sales, C. M. D., Volkert, J., Protić, S., Adler, A., Barkauskiene, R., Conejo-Cerón, S., Di Giacomo, D., et al. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02186-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Recovering from recurrent mental health problems: giving up and fighting to get better
Kartalova‐O'Doherty, Y., & Tedstone Doherty, D. (2010) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2009.00636.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The influence of prior belief on scientific thinking
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2002) · The Cognitive Basis of Science · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Parallel experimentation: A basic scheme for dynamic efficiency
Ellerman, D. (2014) · Journal of Bioeconomics · doi:10.1007/s10818-014-9175-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Scott, D. J., Manos, S., & Coveney, P. V. (2008) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/ci700269r · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Popper, K. R., & Hudson, G. E.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Venue
- Physics Today
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 1963-11-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 80-82
- ISSN
- 0031-9228 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-0699
- OpenAlex
- W4231016069
- Cited by
- 1,071
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 29
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physics Today (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy, Science, and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Scientific Research and Discoveries
- Keywords
- conjecture, refutation, scientific reasoning, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
