Cited by 785Advanced Materials and MechanicsPolymer composites and self-healingDielectric materials and actuators

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Active materials by four-dimension printing

Ge, Qi, Qi, H. Jerry, Dunn, Martin L.·2013·Applied Physics Letters

DOI 10.1063/1.4819837

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Abstract

We advance a paradigm of printed active composite materials realized by directly printing glassy shape memory polymer fibers in an elastomeric matrix. We imbue the active composites with intelligence via a programmed lamina and laminate architecture and a subsequent thermomechanical training process. The initial configuration is created by three-dimension (3D) printing, and then the programmed action of the shape memory fibers creates time dependence of the configuration—the four-dimension (4D) aspect. We design and print laminates in thin plate form that can be thermomechanically programmed to assume complex three-dimensional configurations including bent, coiled, and twisted strips, folded shapes, and complex contoured shapes with nonuniform, spatially varying curvature. The original flat plate shape can be recovered by heating the material again. We also show how the printed active composites can be directly integrated with other printed functionalities to create devices; here we demonstrate this by creating a structure that can assemble itself.

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Authors: Ge, Q., Qi, H. J., & Dunn, M. L.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Singapore University of Technology and Design (SG)
ORCID: Ge, Qi
Qi, H. Jerry
Dunn, Martin L.
Venue: Applied Physics Letters
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Published: 2013-09-23
Volume: 103
Issue: 13
Pages: 131901
ISSN: 0003-6951 (ISSN-L)
1077-3118
DOI: 10.1063/1.4819837
OpenAlex: W2025056376
Cited by: 785
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 39.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Applied Physics Letters (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer composites and self-healing
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Dielectric materials and actuators
Keywords: 4D printing, shape memory polymers, thermomechanical actuation, self-assembly, smart materials, 3D printing

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