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Active materials by four-dimension printing
Abstract
We advance a paradigm of printed active composite materials realized by directly printing glassy shape memory polymer fibers in an elastomeric matrix. We imbue the active composites with intelligence via a programmed lamina and laminate architecture and a subsequent thermomechanical training process. The initial configuration is created by three-dimension (3D) printing, and then the programmed action of the shape memory fibers creates time dependence of the configuration—the four-dimension (4D) aspect. We design and print laminates in thin plate form that can be thermomechanically programmed to assume complex three-dimensional configurations including bent, coiled, and twisted strips, folded shapes, and complex contoured shapes with nonuniform, spatially varying curvature. The original flat plate shape can be recovered by heating the material again. We also show how the printed active composites can be directly integrated with other printed functionalities to create devices; here we demonstrate this by creating a structure that can assemble itself.
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“Accordingly, Ge et al. [205] first realized composites featuring the SME by using a multi-material Polyjet 3D printer (Stratasys, Connex Object).”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [205]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ge, Q., Qi, H. J., & Dunn, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SG)
- Venue
- Applied Physics Letters
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 2013-09-23
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 131901
- ISSN
- 0003-6951 (ISSN-L)
- 1077-3118
- OpenAlex
- W2025056376
- Cited by
- 785
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 39.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physics Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer composites and self-healing
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Dielectric materials and actuators
- Keywords
- 4D printing, shape memory polymers, thermomechanical actuation, self-assembly, smart materials, 3D printing
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